Audio-Visual medium;Television & Film..

1. Introduction:-.

Television, is an extensively used medium in the modern lifestyle of us all. Television is considered to be a distinguished medium among all other mediums we have today, and also be the most attractive medium that can involve anykinds of audience of different tastes and ages. Television has however managed, in involving a significant number of viewers and a wider range of influence over the largr number of sponsors, business houses and entrepreneurs in such competitive media business today. It dominates the media world through its unique performances that it possesse by its own virtue of combined ‘audio-visual’ presenting ability at a time, which belongs to none of the other media.

Origin & Development Of Television

Television broadcast took place first and foremost in U.S.A alongwith few European countries, in the year 1920. Due to lack of advanced technologyand whatever available during that time, that could not telecast the pictures in a quick succession accordingly. Later on, in the year 1923, with the application of further modified and upgraded technology,television appeared in proper get-up to the receivers’ home successfully.In the year 1930, National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) began to telecast through a set-up of TV station in Newyork.On the other hand BBC started their venture through London station. Germany and France also followed the same way,in setting-up tv station with a view to telecast programmes in their country successfully.
But the progress of television confronted severe obstruction due to break out of world war(11) in the year 1942 which influence further development significantly. In the year 1948, America extended their tv networks by settin-up further 41 tv stations covering 22 cities involving half a millionof people in their country. Within decade, this figure jumped drastically up by 533 stations which ran to involve 55 millions of viewers with their own television sets.
Later on, the age of space i.e. satellite communication system was applied to betterise the existing way of telecast extensively in the world. In the year 1962, the first satellite system ‘Early Bird’ was introduced in the process of telecast of television. Within a few years,in 1965and in 1971,two big international sattelites were ejected into the space respectively, as to link the television for phenomenal transmission in the world..These were ‘Intelsat’ and ‘Intersputnik’. Presently, almost every country in the world,has earth station linked to satellite for transmission and receving signals of television.
Then after in 1970, an exotic and revolutionized change had come in the television arena. Japan employed optical fibre cable and computer controlled techniques in transmitting television signals in better manner maintaining most desired ‘two way’ vedio communication successfully.Thu, television today, can provide a number of various channels with good quality of picture through direct to home (DTH) service and digital compression technology,to the audience extensively.

Although most of the poor countries from the under-developed world(Asia,Africa) still have not possession to such satellite to serve their own purposes.

Television In India:-

Television in India, came in delay, after having the approval and consent of the government to a long awaited demand and needs of many Indians fron different segments like scientists,educationists,polititians,businessmen and other institutions and professional study centres etc. With the financial assistanceas acquired from UNESCO. and equipmental support from U.S.A, the government of India started its Delhi centre on sept15, in the year 1957 successfully. Delhi centre had the range to cover 40 kilometers of surrounding areas. The TV centre continued to broadcst programme on ‘social education’ of twenty minutes duration twice in a week. There were 180 ‘teleclubs’ that were entitled to view the programme with the acquired sets of television,as donated by UNESCO. In the month of August 1965, the programmes on ‘entertainment & informations’ in addition to the existing programmes that center would broadcast.
In 1970, Delhi TV center increased its duration by three hours as to broadcast news, entertainment programmes,informations and others. During this period,the number of totl TV sets in India were 22000 only excluding the community television sets as donated by UNESCO. But at end of the decade seventy, the number of sets were jumped by all about 2 lacs. In the year 1972,another TV centre was established in Bombay,followed by relay centers like Shrinagar, Amritsar and Pune. In the year 1975, Calcutta,Madras and Lucknow were included in TV map of India . From the starting of the year 1976. commercialization took place in Indian television. In the same year 1976 on 6th april,Indian television appeared in new banner as ‘Doordarshan’after detaching from All India Radio and began to continue its programmes independently remained under the ministry of information and broadcasting. A significant event took place in the history of Indian television when, teresterial transmitters were introduced at Jaipur, Raipur,Muzaffarpur Hyderabad,Gulbarga and Sambalpur for wider coverage that included 100 millions of people.
Then a new development was achieved in Indian television history,when Satellite Instructional Television Experiments (SITE) was conducted. It was then, brought an international prestige for India for its approach towards television operation in advanced manner. SITE was introduced in India wuth the sole assistance of National Aeronautics and Space Agency(NASA) which allowed a satellite ATS 6,for this purpose in free of cost for period of one year.
In the mid-year 1980,Another centre was stared in in Delihi (DD-2). In the same year, , another TV centre was set-up in Bombay follwed by other metro cities also later on.

Educational Programme In Television:-

In India, Doordarshan started its way with the aim and mission to educate and inform the viewers all by providing such arranged and organized programmes. Doordarshan with its best,has discharged of its responsibilities which was aspired for.Doordarshan,with its many ‘Kendras’,have been conducting many educational programmes that include the ranges from the primary lavel to higher secondary standard covering varied contents on multi-subjects with wider area and dimensions. Such qualitative contents are helping the the school teachers all in remote places who can make their students to be upgraded with better ideas and thoughts respect to their studiessatisfactorily. These efforts of educating the students as well as the teachers at the same time with better techniques of teaching their students, have continuously been running through different ‘Kendras’ of Doordarshan.Today, a diverse programmes on education and respective informations, from primary standard to university lavel are available from Doordarshan educational networks. Indira Gandhi National Open University ( IGNOU), University Grant Commission (UGC),National Council for Education Research and Training(NCERT) and Education Department of India.are enjoying the benefits of such constructive activities of Doordarshan,which have allowed them to be with such greater part of educational enhancement..Beside this,Doordarshan has significantly been catering programs with a view to expanding education among the ‘Adults’, which is indeed,a highly recommendable discharge of responsibility for the nation .. Doordarshan can claim its dedicative role and contribution to the development of education nationwide truly.

Television And National Development:-

Televison can play a vital role on the development of nation building in any country .Television, as being an audio-visual medium,has an enormous advantages in influencing as well as encouraging a significant number of its viewers by calling them into participating with the activities of national developmental works that are undertaken by the government of the concerned state or country.Television medium can cater such contents on the developmental issues as many as possible, that can inspire the viewers to be involved in the greater part of national growth and prosperity. A viewable programme on the issue of national development,as catered by the television,would definitely be attractiveprofoundly, understandable easily, so that would lead the viewers to be concentrated more intensely to the matter and ultimately which would impulse them to get involved in this mission and ideals of national development. It is almost true,that the television medium can impact or influence sigmificantly than other medium of mass communication. It can enhance and extend the ideas and thought of the rural development like proper usage of available water for cultivation, boost of crops production, education for every children,birth control,upgrading the health of both mother and new born babies, employment opportunities for the unemployed youth presrvation of natural resources and environment etc.’Doordarshan’ caters such indispensable contents or programms on different issues of nationalbdevelopmen, with adequate informations and updated ideas and thought regularly to its viewers with greater care and attention. Doordarshan has become the key medium of communication of the government at the centre as well as the different states, as to inspire the people of the country with a view to gear up the major people’s participation into the projected developmental works of the country extensively for achieving targeted result.

Characteristics Of Television:-
Television is a unique medium of mass communication that can deliver an incomparable presentation of both audio and visual.at a time.Television broadcast can influence both senses of ‘hearing and viewing’of human simultaneously. It can satisfy the viewers in complete,by producing better understandability and amusements than any medium that we have.Television so,has become,a distinctive medium that has been dominating the fieald of mass communication predominatly.Television carriesa few special features of other mediums like stage, film and radio with a unique combination of presentation.

Television As A Glamour Medium:-
Television,is a glamour medium that provides many allurable programs for its diverse users or viewers day long tiredlessly.It presents many glittering personalities,important events, international conference and concert, games and sports of international standard and festives of diverse before the viewers for satisfying their needs and demand. Television can provide so many programs of interests in facilititating manner to its innumerous users to retain its attraction and glamour in enhancing approach day by day.
Television can generate tele-addiction within its lot of viewers who remain stick to its enchanting programms by showing absolutely dependence on it. In the true sense, television has successfully been able to hypnotise its many viewers by its unique ‘magical power’that it deserves.

Television As A Multi-purpose Medium :-

Television possesses a collective properties as a whole, that includes partial virtue of different media like print, radio, theatre or film and video simultaneously. It delivers important informatins or announcement in the form of printed words likealarming weather report, security alerts or any other cautionary messages or any warnings on behalf of the government of state etc.There are so many programmes basically audio-oriented like songs, instrumentals and classicals,speech of distinguished personalities, news and other educational programmes which can be enjoyed without viewing the presentation minutely or sitting before the television set speciallyat all. Such programmes as delivered, by the television, do not impede any user to remain stick to such presentation as the radio caters to us in the same way. And the rest other programmes which are abundantly catered by the television, which are basically of audio-visual over all.All such programmes are indeed, enjoyable not only by hearing but viewing also at the same time. Actually, the supremacy of the television lies within its unique audio-visual transmission of any program. Because, the combination of such audio and visual characteristics at the same time generates a unique sensation and experience both in ear and eyes, that enables the viewers to acquire a distinctive feelings of pleasure as well as enjoyments, that no other medium can provide at all at the same lavel of highness. The contents that the television presents for us,is appearing as animated which acquire wider acceptability and response from the viewers end.The presentation of serials,dramas,fims amd concrts offer an environment of theatre or any stage programmes to us.With the aid of the television, we can enjoy a lot of diversified programs in our drawing room by keeping a set of TV easily and comfortably.
Beside the above, it (TV) can embroaden the relationship not only between the family members but also the relationship between the neighbours eually,by inviting them all to view anykinds of desired programs sitting before the screen.Thus it can produce an environment of inter-active part and discussion that could be held in between the assembled viewers. It signifies the healthier effect of communication through a medium like television. Beside this, there are so many progrmmes are catered where live in telephone arrangement has been undertaken for the sake of viewers,as they could participate directly into any desired programme like education,healthcare, taxes and shares or any others as they opt for. In such arranged programme,the participating viewers can ask any question directly to the presenter respect to the ongoing programme with a view to getting right answere accordingly.

Cable Television:-

Cable television has changed the scenario of viewing television,which is being operated by the government of the state. Previously,we,the viewers had only ‘Doordarhan’to enjoy the pleasure of audio-visual medium of mass communication.But now, from the decade of niney, the emergence of cable television, has been experienced in the audio-visual arena significantly. Presently,there are so many cable operators who have been operating such long-desired audio-visual medium of varieties consisting of a wide range of channels, those are originated by the different foreign television organizations like, BBC, CNN, Star, Discovery and ESPN. An unimaginable presentation of different types of programme which were not available in ‘Doordarshan’, can be enjoyed now by anyone through a cable connection easily.It is undeniable,that the modern television could not be complete without such cable television. A wide range of variety progrmme which can be had in your television,if the television is connected to the cable operator’s network.A lot of enchanting programmes,available from cable service, which would never be possible to present at the same level by ‘Doordarshan’, that can be controlled through your remote control to suit ypur choices easily.Cable television was necessary in our country, as to enhance and upgrade the ideas and thought of ‘Doordarshan’ in presenting qualitative programmes of multi-tastes for the numerous viewers.It is indeed,that the cable television has brought a new wave in the audio-visual arena as well as has allowed the Indian television to think for future in the new window.


Television, As A Business Booster.


Television, as being an audio-visual medium, has an extraordinary appeal and attraction inherently as compared to other mediums of mass communication..With the help of such distinctive virtue of the television, promotiona works could successfully be done for making a significant place both in the commercial and professional arena. Not only for promoting any kinds of newly launched products in the market, but also for any individuals and many others activities, with view to extend or enhance its recognization as ell as its acceptance from the numerous viewers of this medium of mass communication
Advertisement,an important and effective tool of public relation. The activity of any business concern s well as any individual or any others,could be well reflected through an advertisement to a large number of consumers with a view to receive a greater response and sound from them as well. Advertisement,that can produce a ignificant market for any products,individuals or ny other activities,could be most effective among the other medium of mass communication, if it is done or made through television. It is studied well, that a telecasted advertisement can leave better impression on the mind of the viewers than any other medium. After being operated commercially, ‘Doordarshan’has significantly been able to become to be a targeted platform for advertisement to manyone, who are intending to launch their products in the market successfully.The other medium like ‘print’ and ‘radio’,where the rush of advertisers or sponsors,have been experienced lagging behind the television far too.The revenue collection of ‘Doordarshan’ through the advertisement,has gradually been increasing year after year so high,none is there to compare with it. Although, such accelerated rate of collecting ‘Ad’ revenue from sponsorships, has been intercepted after the ‘cable TV’jumpes over the market predominantly.Overall,television has proved itself to be a grnd medium for ‘quicker and wider’ publicity that could be hold good opportunistically by any business organization, individuals or others as well.

Impact Of Television:-

Television has established itself as an unbeatable as well as an indispensable medium of mass communication by rendering a lot of diverse programmes to the numerous different kinds of viewers categorically. It can fulfill various demands of itsmany viewers, by catering not only entertainment programmes but also it provides educative,reflective and developmental programmes. It serves the different purposes of many viewers through its small screen. It can claim in enhancing social awareness considerably well. Television has entered in our present life appreciably well. ‘TV’,today, however has revamped our life-style by influencing our tastes,desire,understanding the meaning of aristrocracy or advanced life even our culture and education also . In the true sense, television has moulded our society people, by creating a crazy trends or over-emphasis on luxurious life extensively within them.By and large, the followers of the television, oftenly try to possess a higher status than the xisting whatsoever have and want to implement other criterias of aristocratic life-style which is not procurable practically. Such trendy attitudes of many people for having such life-styles of high standard which is unattainable and notional indeed,have been bringing an imbalanced situation in their daily life. Because ,most contents of serial, dramas and films that are catered through the television programmes, are showing the all facts and features pertaining to those people’s lifr-style who belong to the higher economic or wealthy group. Nnaturally, their life-styles must be different from the major people of common. The major common people, are being provoked by viewing such allureable life-styles of the rich. In such contents which are catered by thr television,reflect another potrayal of women who are intrinsically appearing or being projected as arrogant, careless and irresponsible to their family members .andalso maintaining irregular life-style, that the major women do not indulge or do such at all. The major women, might be inspired by such irregular and indecent life-style which they think for about so-called aristocracy.
Moreover,the contents of television almost ,include sex and nudity, violence, atrocity, robbery and other anti-social events profusely. By viewing those undesireable contents,the immatured teenagers have been inspired by following the same and get deflected and wrongly driven in their life. The affective part of the television contents, may mislead or seduce the teenagers by producing incontrollable emphasis or impractical emotion vehemently within them, for its immediately implementation accordingly.
Television, is the most powerful medium of mass communication at the present days. It disseminates whatcontents for its viewers, leave a significant impression into their mind. Later on,such impression left by the television, is being cultivated and nurtured by a few numbes of its emphatic users seriously. Such growing tendency towards its implementation in their life practically,has brought fatal disorder and turmoils in our general social life. Disobedience and unrulyness among the youth, have become the cause of anxiety to manyone as well as the threat to our society. Violence and agitation for futile reason and malpractices in every corner are the prevailing phenomenons of our society today that we experience muchmore. The aggravated deteriorating situation of our present society,is the result of the abusive or provocative parts of the contents, as presented by the television widely and in repeatative manner. Almost contents those are presented by the television,do not reflect the ‘suffering and miserable’ life of the major portions of the people, who belong to poor and lower-medium economic section covering two-third of our Indian society.


Cinema; The Motion Pictures World
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Introduction:- The cinema of India consists of films produced acrossIndia, including the cinematic culture of Mumbaii along with the cinematic traditions of states such as Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Asam andPunjub. Indian films came to be followed throughout South Asia and theMiddle East ,where modest dressing and subdued sexuality of these films was found to be acceptable to the sensibilities of the audience belonging to these regions.[1] As cinema as a medium gained popularity in the country as many as 1,000 films in various languages Of India were produced annually.[1] Expatriates in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States continued to give rise to international audiences for Hindi languages films, some of which are continued to carry "formulaic story lines, expertly choreographed fight scenes, spectacular song-and-dance routines, emotion-charged melodrama, and larger-than-life heroes This is contrasted by the ‘Parallel Cinema' movement, prominent in Bengali,Malayalam and other regional industries, known for its serious content, realism and naturalism






Beginning:-

At the starting of cinematography, pictures were seen through ‘kinetoscope’,whi.ch was devised by Edison.In such arrangements,one could see the pictures by peeping through a pinhole box where a spool o pictures was lying to be photographed on a flexible film finally.Such flexible film was invented by George Eastman.Now,the spool of pictures was allowed to revolve in a quicker mode as to creat an illusion to the viewer. Then the viwer would have experienced of viewing motion picture.On April 14, in the year 1894, such illusive as well as attractive technique was applied to displayed publicly first in ‘Broadway’,Nuyork.
The pictures all, shown in this way,were motionless. It were illusion of motion,that were produced by the film projector macine.The projector would able to produce uch illusion of motion to the viewers,by rotating the rolled up pictures very fstly. Such fast movement of picture contained a continuous motion,would come to the eyes of the viewers,as ‘motion pictures’.It was the magic of film then,which was voiceless enjoyment indeed.

Talkies:-

The Dickson Experimental Sound Film is a film made by William Kennedy-Laurie Dickson (1860-1935) in late 1894 or early 1895. It is the first known film with live-recorded sound and appears to be the first example of a motion picture made for the Kinetophone, the proto-sound-film system developed by Dickson and Thomas A. Edison. The film was produced at the "Black Maria", which was Edison's film studio at New Jersy. There is no evidence that it was ever exhibited in its original format. Newly digitized and restored, it is the only surviving Kinetophone film with live-recorded sound.
The movie features Dickson playing a violin into a recording cone for an off-camera wax cylinder. In front of Dickson, two men dance to the music. In the final seconds, a fourth man briefly crosses from left to right behind the cone. The running time of the restored film is 17 seconds; the accompanying cylinder contains approximately two minutes of sound, including 23 seconds of violin music, encompassing the film's soundtrack. After its restoration in 2000, the Dickson Experimental Sound Film was selected for inclusion in the United States National Film Registry.
On this day of 12th March in the year 1923,, inventor Lee de Forest presented Phonofilm’, which was the first film capable of taping sound as well. Music was recorded on a narrow strip at the edge of the film. The presentation exhibited a man and woman were dancing, four musicians had been playing instruments, and an Egyptian dancer, all were being accompanied by music but there was no dialogue at all.
‘Feature films’ with sound would not appear in the field of film for several years, as movie studios sought to avoid a standards war.
Until the 1920s, any sound accommodated with motion pictures either came from live actors and musicians or from phonographs synchronized to the action onscreen. *In the year 1889, an assistant of Thomas Edison demonstrated the Kinetophonograph, a phonograph synched to Edison's early movie projector, the Kinetoscope. De Forest's enhancement of film that could carry sound was acquired by Fox and evolved into the Movietone sound process, introduced in 1927.
But within 1927, several different types of movie sound systems were developed, which brought new problem for silent movie theaters. Fitting a movie theater for a sound system was extremely costly-to wire a movie house for Warner Bros.' Vitaphone sound system, for example, would cost about $20,000 which was unaffordable then.
Several studios, like MGM, Paramount, and Universal, all agreed to wait to make talkies until they agreed on a single audio standard, but Warner Bros.,did not impart to the agreement, released the earliest sound films. For Warner Bros., then in difficult financial straights, sound was a matter of survival: The struggling company had staked everything on acquiring the Vitaphone system and publicizing its early sound movies. The first, Don Juan (1926), starring John Barrymore, featured sound but no dialogue. The following year, the studio released The Jazz Singer, which included music as well as about 350 words of dialogue. Only about 200 theaters nationwide were equipped for Warner Bros.' Vitaphone, so a silent version of the movie was also distributed. The company was luckyenough to have made the gamble--sound caught on and revived Warner Bros.' fortunes.

Emergence Of Film In India:-
On 7th July,1896, at ‘Watson’s Hotel’ in Bombay,the first film was displayed through screen with the help of the cinematograph of Lumiere Brothers.The event of such scaring display of first film in India was called “wonder of the world”and “marvel of the century”.The item list was as follows; ‘The Sea Bath’, ‘Arrival of a Train’, ‘The ladies and the Soldiers on the Wheels’etc.Beside those, other shorts films were shown at the ‘Novelty Theatre’ in Bombay.
On 8th Jan,1887, few imported short films,were shown in the ‘Gayetri Theatre’ in Bombay. Those films were ‘Mr.Gladstone’s Funeral’,’Death of Nelson’,Call on Londondon Fire Brigade’etc Beside this the foreign film makers made films in India also. Among those the name of, Great Imambara Palace, Our Great Empire,.A Train Arriving At Bombay Station.Poona Races.A Dancing Scene From The Flower Of Persia could be stated significantly

The Silent Film Age:-
In the year 1897, H.S. Bhatvadekar, a Maharashtrain,who imported an updated camera along with a projector of Lumiere Brothers,to make a short film carrying the story of fighting between two wrestlers and a man training a monkey.Although, He finally unveiled film for exhibition in the year 1899. In the year 1900,Hiralal Sen made few pieces of Bengali film in Calcuta.Later on,in the year 1902, J.M. Madan launched ‘Bioscope’which was showing films in a tent.Then the films of fifty to sixty feet in length were imported from abroad for running such bioscope.Then the films of longer length,that could continue thirty to forty minutes duration.Such period of time was sufficient for any feature film. J.M. Madan had a chain of such entrepreneurship of film showing in different positions and places in India.
In the year 1912, A film ‘Paudalik’, was made of a dramatic story,by Torney who with the assistance of C, J, Chaitre.The film took the dramatic story of a Maharastrain saint, and gained wide popularity then.
Soon after during this time,the arrival of Dadasaheb Phalke, in the fim world,was a significant event.With his creative imagination and indomitable will power,Phalke jumped over film making.In the year 1913,Dadasaheb made a very long film of 3700 feet length,in the name ‘Raja Harishchandra’.His entire efforts was entrusted with the mission of ‘Swedeshi’and acquired wide acceptance as well as popularity as well. This film was historic and is considered to be the first feature film of India. In the same year, Phalke made another film in the name’Bhasmasur Mohini’.Next year,in 1914, Phalke made ‘Satyaban Savitri’for the Indian viwers. ‘Krishna Janma’ and ‘Kalia Mardan’, were made by Phalke in the year 1918 and 1919 respectively. Where Phalke’s daughter Mandakini played the role of little’ Krishna’very competently and acquired immediate and wide popularity.
In the same year in 1919, J.F. Madan made the film ‘Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra’ in Calcutta which is considered as the first silent fim in Bengal.
From 1913 to 1931,during this period of time more than 1300 films were produced among all of which were silent. Meanwhile,Indian cinematographic Act was passed in the year 1918 for systemize the licensing procedure and censorship.There were about 1300 cinema halls in the year 1923 in India.
In the year 1924, Chandulal Sahu made a film in the name ‘Gun Sundari’which was called the first social film in India. Himansu Rai made a film, which was an Indo-German production in the title of ‘A Light of Asia in 1925’.It was the first stride to make a film in the realm of international co-production.
During this period of silent film in India, an important matter is to be nited that America dominated this field of showing film significantly. About 85 per cent of the total film in Indian market,was controlled by the foreign venturers in all respect. Only Indian entrepreneurships were limited to 15 per cent control over the film market.

Sound Film; The Talkies.

During the year 1928, sound film began to produce to show film in a new window.The western country like America, France and German pioneered themselves in this regard of sound synchronized film making significantly. In India,the first sound film; talkie was shown at Calcutta, in the title of ‘Melody of Love’ which was a foreign venture. In 1931,the first Indian talkie was produced in the name of ‘Alam Ara’ and few films were produced in Hindi, Bengali, Tamil and Telegu also. By the year 1933, About seventy five films were produced in Hindi.

An appreciable effort was paid in making first ‘colour film’in India,Madan Theatre. The said concern took the film ‘Bilwa Mangal’for further processing to the abroad.. Later on, Prabhat Co,took same initiative to go to Germany for converting their film ‘Sairandhri’into colour.In India the first ever colour film was prepared in the year 1937, Ardeshir Irani,made ‘Kisan Kanya’in colour exposure. Actually.colour films came as usual in India , in the fifties.During this period of time Mehboob’s ‘Ann’, Sohrab Modi’s Jhansi Ki Rani’, Santaram’s ‘Jhanak Jhanak Payel Baje’etc,were significant among them.
Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara, the first Indian talking film, on March 14, 1931.[16] Following the inception of 'talkies' in India some film stars were highly sought after and earned comfortable incomes through acting As sound technology advanced the 1930s saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani marking the beginning of song-and-dance in India's films Studios emerged across major cities such asChennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai as film making became an established craft by 1935, exemplified by the success of Debdas, which had managed to enthrall audiences nationwide.Bombay Talkies came up in 1934 j and Prabhat Studios in Pune had begun production of films meant for the Marathi Language audience. Filmmaker R. S. D. Choudhury produced Wrath (1930), banned by theBritish Raj in India as it depicted actors as Indian leaders, an expression censored during the days of theIndian Independence Movement.
The Indian Masala Film —a slang used for commercial films with song, dance, romance etc.—came up following the second world war. South Indian cinema gained prominence throughout India with the release of S.S. Vasan's Chandralekha During the 1940s cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival. The partition of India following its independence divided the nation's assets and a number of studios went to the newly formed Pakistan The strife of partition would become an enduring subject for film making during the decades that followed.
Following independence the cinema of India was inquired by the S.K. Patil Commission S.K. Patil, head of the commission, viewed cinema in India as a 'combination of art, industry, and showmanship' while noting its commercial value Patil further recommended setting up of a Film Finance Corporation under the Ministry of Finace This advice was later taken up in 1960 and the institution came into being to provide financial support to talented filmmakers throughout India The Indian government had established a Films Division by 1949 which eventually became one of the largest documentary film producers in the world with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries, each released in 18 languages with 9000 prints for permanent film theaters across the country.
The Indian People’s Theatre Association (IPTA), an art movement with a communist inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s. A number of realistic IPTA plays, such as Bijan Bhattacharya’s Nabanna in 1944 (based on the tragedy of the Bengal’s Famine of 1943), prepared the ground for the solidification of realism in Indian cinema, exemplified by Khwaia Ahmed Abbas’s Dharti Ke Lal (Children of the Earth) in 1946. The IPTA movement continued to emphasize on reality and went on to produce Mother India and Pyaasa, among of India's most recognizable cinematic productions.[22]
** Golden Age of Indian cinema**
FollowingIndia’s Independendence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s are regarded by film historians as the 'Golden Age' of Indian cinema Some of the most critically acclaimed Indian films of all time were produced during this period. In commercial Hhindi Cinema, examples of films at the time include the Guru Dutta films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool(1957) and the Raj Kapoor filmsAwaara(1951) and Shree 420 (1955). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India; Awaara presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream, while Pyaasa critiqued the unreality of city life Some of the most famous ep[c film of Hindi cinema were also produced at the time, including Mehboob Khan’s Mother India's (1957), which was nominated for the ‘Academy Award’ for best foreign film and K.Asif’s ‘Mughal-e-Azam’ (1960). V Santaram’s ‘Do AakhenBaraah Haath’ (1957) is believed to have inspired the Hollywood film The Dirty Dozen (1967).’Madhumati’ (1958), was directed byBimal Roy and written by Ritwik Ghatak, popularized the theme ofreincarnation in westernpopular culture. Other mainstream Hindi filmmakers at the time included Kamal Amrohi and Vijoy Bhatt..
While commercial Indian cinema was thriving, the period also saw the emergence of a new Parappel Cinema movement , mainly led by Bengali cinema Early examples of films in this movement include Chetan Anand’s ‘Neecha Nagar’ (1946), Ritwik Ghatak’s ‘Nagarik’ (1952), and Bimal Roy’s Two Acre of Land’ (1953), laying the foundations for Indian neorealism and the "Indian New Wave".’Pather Panchali’ (1955), the first part of ‘The Apu Trilogy’ (1955-1959) by Satyajit Roy, marked his entry in Indian cinema. The Apu Trilogy won major prizes at all the major international film festival and led to the 'Parallel Cinema' movement being firmly established in Indian cinema. Its influence on world cinema can also be felt in the "youthful coming-of-age dramas, that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties" which "owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy".[36] Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak went on to direct many more critically-acclaimed Art films', and they were followed by other acclaimed Indian independent filmmakers such as Mrinal Sen, Adoor Gopalkrishnan,Mani Kaul and Budhadev Dasgupta, During the 1960s, Indira Gandhi’s intervention during her reign as the Information and Broadcasting Minister of India further led to production of off-beat cinematic expression being supported by the official Film Finance Corporation.
The cinematographer Subrata Mitra, who made his debut with Satyajit Ray's The Apu Trilogy, also had an importance influence on cinematography across the world. One of his most important techniques was house lighting, to recreate the effect of daylight on sets. He pioneered the technique while filming ‘Aparajita’ (1956), the second part of The Apu Trilogy. Some of the experimental techniques which Satyajit Ray pioneered include photonagative flashbacks and X-Ray digressions while filming ‘Prativandi’ (1972 y's 1967 script for a film to be called The Alien, which was eventually cancelled, is also widely believed to have been the inspiration for Steven Spieillberg’sE.T. (1982). Some of Ritwik Ghatak's films also have strong similarities to later famous international films, such as ‘Ajantrik’ (1958) resembling the Herbie films (1967-2005) and ‘BariTheke Palie’ (1958) resemblingFrancois Truffaul’s The 400 Blows (1959).
Other regional industries also had their 'Golden Age' during this period. Commercial Tamil cinema experienced a growth in the number of commercially successful films produced. Some of the most famous Tamil film personalities at the time included M.G.Ramachandran, Shivaji Ganeshan, M. N. Nambiyar, Asokan andNageshMarathi cinema also ushered in a 'Golden Age' at this time, with some of its directors such asV,Santaram later playing in instrumental role in mainstream Hindi cinema's 'Golden Age'
Ever since Chetan Anand's social realist film Neecha Nagar won the grand prize at the first Cannes Film festival. Indian films were frequently in competition for the Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival for nearly every year in the 1950s and early 1960s, with a number of them winning major prizes at the festival. Satyajit Roy also won theGolden Lion at the Venice Film Festival forAparajita (1956), the second part of The Apu Trilogy, and the Golden Bear and two Silver Bears for best director at the Berlin International Film Festival. Ray's contemporaries, Ritwik Ghatak and Guru Dutta, were overlooked in their own lifetimes but had belatedly generated international recognition much later in the 1980s and 1990.S. Ray wass regarded as one of the greatest auteurs of 20th century, while Dutt and Ghatak were also among the greatest filmmakers of all time. In 1992, the Sight and Sound Critics' Poll ranked Ray at #7 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time while Dutt was ranked #73 in the 2002 Sight & Sound greatest directors poll
A number of Indian films from this era are often included among thegreatest films of alltime in various critics' and directors' polls. A number of Satyajit Ray films appeared in the Sight & Sound Critics' Poll, including The Apu Trilogy (ranked #4 in 1992 if votes are combined), TheMusic Room (ranked #27 in 1992), Charulata (ranked #41 in 1992) and Days and Nightsin the Forest (ranked #81 in 1982). The 2002 Sight & Sound critics' and directors' poll also included the Guru Dutta’s films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool (both tied at #160), the Ritwik Ghatak films Meghe Dhaka Tara (ranked #231) and Komal Gandhar (ranked #346), and Raj Kapoor’s Awaaraa, Vijoy Bhatt’s Baiju Bawra, Meheboob Khan’s Mother India and K, Asif’s Mughal-e-Azam all tied at #346.In 1998, the critics' poll conducted by the Asian Film magazine Cinemaya included The Apu Trilogy (ranked #1 if votes are combined), Ray's Charulata and The Music Room (both tied at #11), and Ghatak's Subarnarekha (also tied at #11). In 1999, The Village Voice top 250 "Best Film of the Century" critics' poll also included The Apu Trilogy (ranked #5 if votes are combined). In 2005, The Apu Trilogy and Pyaasa were also featured in Time Magazine’s “All Time” 100 best movies list.
**Modern Indian Cinema**
Some filmmakers such as Shyam Benegal continued to produce realistic Parallel Cinema throughout the 1970s, alongside satyajit Roy, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak, Buddhadev Dasgupta and Goutam Ghose in Bengal Cinema; Adoor Gopalakrishnan andG, Aravindan in Malayalam cinema; and Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalni and Vijoy Meheta in Hindi cinema, However, the 'art film' bent of the Film Finance Corporation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema. The 1970s did, nevertheless, see the rise of commercial cinema in form of enduring films such as Sholay (1975), which solidified Amitabha Bachchan’s position as a lead actor. The devotional classic Jai Sontoshi Ma was also released in 1975 Another important film from 1975 was Dewar, directed by Yash Chopra and written by Salim-Javed. Acrime film pitting "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan", portrayed by Amitabh Bachchan, it was described as being “absolutely key to Indian cinema” byDanny Boyle
Commercial cinema further grew throughout the 1980s and the 1990s with the release of films such as Mr India (1987),Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988), Tezaab (1988),Chandni Jayenge,Chandni (1989), Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), Baazigar (1993),Darr (1993), Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. (1995) and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), many of which starred Amir Khan,Salaman Khan and Shahruk.
The 1990s also saw a surge in the national popularity of Tamil Cinema as films directed byMani Ratnam captured India's imagination. Such films includedRoja (1992) and Bombay (1995). Ratnam's earlier filmNayagan (1987), starring Kamal Hasan, was included in Time magazin’s “All TIME”100 best movies, alongside four earlier Indian films: Satyajit Ray's The Apu Trilogy (1955-1959) and Guru Dutta’s Pyaasa (1957) Another Tamil director S,Shankar who made waves through his Kadhalan very famous for its songs ,dance and graphics which was big at that time in India. The Soth Indian Indian film industry not only released cinema with national appeal but also featured multicultural music, which found appreciation among the Indian audience Some Tamil film composers such as A.R. Rahman and Ilyaraja have since acquired a large national, and later international, following.Tabarana Kathe,a Kanada cinema was screened at Various Film Festivals including Tashkent, Nantes, Tokyo and the Film Festival of Russia. Rahman's debut sound track of Raja was included in Time magazin’s “All TINE” 100 bestsound tracks" of all time and he would later go on to win two Academic Awards for his international SlundogMillionare (2008) soundtrack.
Long after the Golden Age of Indian cinema, South India's Malayalam cinema of Kerala experienced its own 'Golden Age' in the 1980s and early 1990s. Some of the most acclaimed Indian filmmakers at the time were from the Malayalam industry, including Adoor Gopalakrishnan, G, Aravindan,T,V, Chandran and Shaji N,Karun. Adoor Gopalakrishnan, who is often considered to be Satyajit Ray's spiritual heir, directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, includingElippathayam (1981) which won the Sutherland Trophy at the London Film Festival, as well as Mathilukal (1989) which won major prizes at the Venice Film Festival Shaji N. Karun's debut film Piravi (1989) won the Camera d’Or at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival, while his second filmSwaham (1994) was in competition for thePalme d’Or at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival.
In the late 1990s, 'Parallel Cinema' began experiencing a resurgence in Hindi cinema, largely due to the critical and commercial success of Satya (1998), a low budget film based on the Mumbai underworld, directed by Ram Gopal Verma and written by Anurag Kashyap. The film's success led to the emergence of a distinct genre known asMumbaia noir urban films reflecting social problems in the city of Mumbai Later films belonging to the Mumbai noir genre includeMadhur Vandarkar’s Chandm Bar (2001) and Traffic Signal (2007), Ram Gopal Varma's Company (2002) and its prequel D (2005), Anurag Kashyap's Black Friday (2004), and Irfan Kamal's Thanks Maa (2009). Other art film directors active today include Mrinal Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Gautam Ghose, Sandip Roy, Aparna Sen, and Rituparna Ghosh in Bengali cinema; Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun and T. V. Chandran in Malayalam cinema; Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalni, Shyam Benegal, Mira Nair, Nagesh Kukunoor, Sudhir Mishra and Nanda Fas in Hindi cinema; Mani Ratnam and Santosh Sivan in Tamil cinema; and Deepa Mehta, AnantBalani, Homi Adajania and Sooni Taraporevala in Indian English cinema.

India is considered to be the largest producer of feature films in the world.
Indian cinema has come a long way from the shaky flickering images and grating noises and sounds to a very sophisticated state-of-the-art technology for creation and projection of image and sound track. India's film business was $2.1 billion in 2006, as per PWC and FICCI.
The people's lifestyle and sociology have been reflected in the mind-boggling number of 27,000 plus feature films and thousands of documented short films in 52 different languages making it the largest and most fascinating film producing country in the world -- a phenomenon which the world cannot ignore. Ramoji Film City, outside Hyderabad (AP) is the biggest film single center in the world for making films, outside of the US.
The Indian film industry is the largest in the world in terms of the number of films produced annually (1,091 feature films and over 1,200 short films were released in the year 2006 alone). In contrast, 473 films were produced in the US in 2003 (India produced 877 movies in 2003). Movie tickets in India are among the cheapest in the world. India accounts for 73% of movie admissions in the Asia-Pacific region, and earnings are estimated at 2.9 billion dollars in the year 2007
The industry is mainly supported by the vast cinema-going Indian public. The Central Board of Film Certification of India cites on its website that every three months an audience as large as India's billion-strong population visits cinema halls.

Indian films are popular in various parts of the world, especially in countries with significant Indian communities. The most important trend for the Indian entertainment industry is that the number of Indians scattered around the world are numbering close to the affluent population back in India. And as entertainment becomes a strong ethnic bond for Indians in alien lands, theatre owners, TV/cable channel operators, event managers are all hankering for Indian entertainment products.


Film Division:-
It is a government organization that produces a large number of documentry films and news magazine which is known as ‘newsreal’. Film division of India also produces 16 mm short films for the rural audience in different languages.Film division also produces various cartoon and educational films for several ministries and departments of the government. The films are mostly presented by ‘Doordarshan’ and cinema theatres.Also,such films are shown by’Field Ppublicity Unit’ of central and different state governments as well as by several educational institutions,social organizations,film societies and industrial houses. Such films are also sent for abroad presentation through our different embassies.
Film division organizes different film festivals which are usually held in state capitals of the country,with a view to reach out of a large number of viewers.In the year 1990,the film division produces 192 documentaries and 28 newsreals for the viewers.the division won many national and international awards for its important contribution.n the year 1990, the film division arranged ‘International Film Festival’ in Bombay.

National Film Division Corporation (NDFC).
A governmantal organization that was set up in the year 1980 in the banner NDFC,which aimed at the promotion and assistance to the production of good films for thetasteful viewers. It extends its financial assistance to the prolific film makers with a view to enhance the Indian film wave in good manner.It generally emphasizes to contribute to low budget film. Beside this NDFC produces film on very good scripts and if, inteligent as well as well-known directors are available in the part of direction. NDFC achieved a significant success in producing ‘Gandhi’ with the co-partnership with the director Sir Richard Attenborough at its first attemt to such mission. It also produced a widely accepted and many international awards winning film ‘Salam Bombay’
NDFC extends its financial assistance to cinema theatres also. It imports foreign films for domestic distribution as well as it exports Indian films

Directorate Of Film Festivals:-

Directorate of film festivals of constituted in the year 1973 with a view to promote good cinema through organizing international film festivals in our country India. It promotes very good quality cinema when such festivals are held in different cities of India. as well as in different countries in the world. In addition to this,it has started NDFC video classic scheme that provides classic films from all over the world..

Fim And Television Institute Of India.

Film and television institute of India (FTII) was established in the year 1961 in Pune. It was set up with a view to train and educate the tentative as well as talented young people in the art of film making. It also render training in television to the personnels of ‘Doordarshan’.It also provides training in film photography,sound recording and engineering and film editing. The Institute introduces student-film in different film festivals held nationally and internationally.
Children Film Society,India:-
This society (CFSI) was set up in the year 1955, with an autonomously operated existence,as to promote,acquire and distribute films with healthy entertainment for the children and young people. Its headoffice is in Bombay and other regional offices are inDelhi, Calcutta and madras.It has produced and acquired 283 films upto 1990. Out of which 89 films were feature and rest were of short film.
The society organizes children film festivals in India.It also participates in international children film festival.The society can claim its greater contribution in enhaninge and fulfillment the objectivity of children’s film movement.

Overview And Impact Of Film:-
Cinema is still, a pular mediun for the rural people extensively Cinema is considered an easy and cheap medium for enjoyments and entertainment to the economically backwarded rural people. Although, the number of cinema hall,is not conforming to the norms and guidelines as laid by UNESCO. India is lacking the required ratio 1000:1 i.e. one cinema hall for every thousand people.But irrespective of sufficient cinema hall available in urban areas,the number of viewers have been fallen down,dut to availibilty of different entertainment and amusement adequetely.
India produces largest number of cinema in the world. We can take the opportunity of viewing different types of cinema like mythological, historical, religious, social, romantic, art and features and commercial.But, present Indian film makers are seriously engaged in making commercial film of cheap entertainment. Commercial cinemas basically, are produced by certain ‘formula’ and ‘masala’as well.The content and other materials that are included in the cinema, can produce a cheap and easy entertainment of rmanticism ,sentiments as well as violrnce……Commercial cinema can not reflect the actual portayal of major people’s lifestyle. Present Indian cinema al most, try to highlight the potrayal of that spciety of economicallytoo higher than the average Indians. Indian cinema as being a popular medium for the mass,can not produce any’ idealism’ or ‘mission’within the viewers at all It helps to run the society towards achieving an ‘unattainable target’.It provokes and shapes up the society people, to be accustomed with higher lifestyle of luxerity and higher comfortablity as well as vanity rather than everfighting usual life that conforms to the economic status of average people
Audio-visual media like’Film’, can influece the common people easily. It presents what,is caught by the viewer’s eyes very quickly. Either positive or nagative in the sense,good or bad,almost every presentation through the film,has an impact on the audiece,and that is inculcated or implemented by someone among them later on.Such responsive attribution of the viewers could be considered as natural.Present commercial films are presenting the contents of violence,robbery and other anti-social elements profusely. Such undesirable presentations as conducted by a mass media like ‘Film’,can seduce the society youngs as well.The flexible mind of the younger generation,could easily be inspired and attributed to its inplementation of the same which they view, later on.Present cinema indeed,fails to generate any ;idealism’ and ‘mission’ within the teenagers specifically. Modern youngsters mostly, have been shaped up to be arrogant,reckless, violent and over sentimental.Today’s youngsters bear less feelings in their mind and do what almost selfishly,for their own comfortablity and statisfaction.The dedicative attitude of the younger generation,has almost been disappeared which is not desireable to any healthy society at all.So,the film-makers should have grater attention towards making a healthier society through the selection of good and healthier contents for the viewers all,that could lead the society to run in good manner and right direction.

Radio,An Audio Medium.

Radio, enjoys some extra advantatges over other medium of mass communication. Primarily, radio never engages or obliges any listener to remain away from its job or work while such listener intends or prefers to enjoy any radio programme going on. A farmer can perform anytime its agricultural work by keeping the transistor at the corner of the ground or any house wife can perform also her domestic works easily without any interruption, while attending any radio programme at least. Radio communication can transcend any geogreaphic barrier because its signals are not interrupted by any means or way except few unnatural cases happen so On the other hand, radio is a cheapest medium among all other medium of mass communication, and is affordable also to general populations of the country. Its recurring expanses is very low as compared to others medium After one time purchase of a radio set, there is no significant expenditure except two or three batteries per month. Radio provides an extensive range of programmes of interest and varieies day long to its listeners and can be heard from any place of the country without any blockade or compulsion. Radio caters programme what, is enjoyable universally, irrespective to any age among the listeners.

Radio ; Its Origin And Development In India.

Radio came into operation publicly first in America in the year 1920. From then radio began to expand its existence in Europe significnly. In Britain, the British government went on setting up a public service broadcasting company in the title of BBC in the year 1922, which was constituted as an autonomous and indepently operated concern.Finding the importance of radio service in the society, thus many countries in Europe, went on establishing radio networks rapidly. In India, radio started first in Bombay and then in Calcuta. Both were managed to be operated by private entrepreneurship. In thr year 1930, the government of India,took the control of bothBombay and Calcutta radio station. In the beginning, those radio stations were running in the name of Indian Broadcasting Service (IBS) under the jurisdiction of Post & Telegraph department. In the year 1936, IBS appeared as ‘All India Radio’ (AIR) which was later on undertaken by the ministry of informations & broadcasting after the indepence. AIR again also, was renamed as ‘Akashvani’ in the year 1957 and since then, AIR has widely been known as ‘Akashvani’with the new name given to it.

Enhancement Of ‘AIR’:-

During the period of independence and just after, ‘Air’ started its march on taking with ten stations out of which six sations were in Delhi,Bombay,Madras,Calcuta,Lucknow and Tiruchirapalli, and remaining four stations were functioning at Travancore,Hyderabad, Mysore and Aurangabad which were all the princely states.
After a couple of years, more 25 stattions were included in the ‘AIR’ networks for widening the audience coverage which booted the selling of redio sets. A lot of interests and emphasis, that were generated by the presentation of diversified and qualitative programmes as catered by ‘AIR’ had brought a significant change on the way of its development . In the month of October 57’, commercial channel ‘Vividh Bharati’, was introduced to the networks of ‘AIR’ with a view to provide further entertainment for the interest of the rising audience. The wind of commercialization, was truly blowing on the courtyard of ‘Vividh Bharati’ that grew more confidence and operation and management. ‘Yubavani’ appeared in the month of july 69’,in New Deldi which acquired popularity soon and further centres were built in different citiesas to cater programme in different languages.

AIR today has a big network of 232 broadcasting centres including 149 medium frequency(MW), 54 high frequency (SW) and 171 FM transmitters. AIR’s coverage is 91.79% of the geographic area , serving 99.14% of the people in the largest democracy of the world. AIR covers 24 Languages and 146 dialects in home services. In’ Externel Services’, AIR covers 27 languages; 17 national and 10 foreign languages.


External Service; History & Development.


All India Radio entered the realm of external broadcasting shortly after the outbreak of II world War on 1st October, 1939-when it started a service in Pushtu for listeners across- what was then the country's North West Frontier.The service was designated to counter radio propoganda from Germany, directed to Afghanistan, Iran and Arab countries.With the end of the war, the Victorious and Allies lost interest in continung with the propoganda warfare and the equipment was presented to AIR, which took over its active control.The need of continuing certain services was assessed and the number of services was rearranged.
Today, The External Services Division (ESD) of All India Radio ranks high amongst the External Radio networks of the world, both in reach and range, daily in 55 transmissions with almost 72 hours covering over 100 countries in 27 languages, out of which 16 are foreign and 11 are Indian. The foreign languages are Arabic, Baluchi, Burmese, Chinese, Dari, French, Indonesian, Nepali, Persian, Pushtu, Russian, Sinhala, Swahili, Thai, Tibetan and English (GOS). The Indian languages are Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Seraiki, Sindhi, Tamil, Telegu and Urdu.It has five major services namely, Urdu (12hrs.15 mts.), GOS/English (8hrs. 15 mts), Hindi (5hrs.15 mts), Bengali (6hrs.30mts.), anmd Tamil (5 hrs. 30mts)Urdu service is also available 24x7m DTH
ROLE OF ESD
External Services Division of AIR, has been acting as the window to India for other countries, from where it projects the view point of India, its progress and policies along with its wealthy ‘arts and culture’. With the changingworld, such role has been expanded significantly as to meet the needs and demands of large number of Indian citizens,who are residing in abroad and also foreigners,who are also interested in knowing another growing power, India. Further AIR, has been increasing trade partnership and political importance with a large number of countries across the world. AIR executes in the true sense, the moral responsibility to provide them necessary information, education and entertainment on this varied and multifaceted country, India.
In view of the above, the broadcasting of AIR depend on the relationship both politically & economically between India and other countries concerned.

FM Service
FM service of AIR has two channels � FM Rainbow and FM Gold.� There are 12 FM Rainbow channels and 4 FM Gold Channels.� The programme content of these channels is mainly popular Indian and Western music, compered in a vivacious and contemporary style and therefore highly popular with the urban youth.� News bulletins and current affairs programmes are also broadcast from these channels.� The FM Service is available on the following frequencies:

FM Rainbw.

1. Bangalore 101.3 MHZ
2. Chennai 107.1 MHZ
3. Coimbetore 103.0 MHZ
4. Cuttack 101.3 MHZ
5. Delhi 102.6 MHz
6. Jalandhar 102.7 MHz
7. Kodaikanal 100.5 MHz
8. Kolkata 107.0 MHz
9. Lucknow 100.7 MHz
10. Mumbai 107.1 MHz
11. Panaji 105.4 MHz
12. Tirchirapalli 102.1 MHz

FM Gold.

1. Chennai 105.0 MHz
2. Delhi 106.4 MHz
3. Kolkata 100.2 MHz
4. Mumbai 100.7. MHz


News Service Division:-


All India Radio now under Prasar Bharati has the distinction of being one of the major broadcasting organizations in the world. The News Services Division (NSD) of All India Radio disseminates news and comments to listeners in India and abroad. From 27 news bulletins in 1939-40, AIR today puts more than 510 bulletins daily around 52 hours in 82 languages/dialects in the Home, Regional and External Services.
Out of these, 89 bulletins are broadcast daily from Delhi in the Home Service in English, Hindi and other Indian languages. The 44 Regional News Units (RNUs) putout 355 daily news bulletins in 67 languages. This includes news bulletins mounted exclusively on FM ‘Gold’ channel from 22 AIR Stations.
In addition to the daily news bulletins, the News Services Division also mounts everyday a number of news-based programmes on topical subjects from Delhi and some other Regional News Units.


News Based Programmes In ‘AIR’


In February 1936, talks on current topics were introduced for the first time in English. In September, talks on current topics in Hindustani were added. Later ‘Topics for Today’ and ‘Focus’ on matters of current interest were introduced on 26th October, 1962. The daily ‘Spotlight’ and weekly ‘Current Affairs’ titles were given in place of ‘Topic for Today’ and ‘Focus’ in 1967.
The Current Affairs programme deals with topical issue in which various specialists on the subject express their viewpoints. The half-an-hour programme in English goes on the air from Delhi from 9.30 p.m. on Sundays. The corresponding Hindi programme, “Charcha Ka Vishai Hai” goes on the air from 9.30 p.m. on Wednesdays. ‘Samayiki’ and ‘Spotlight’ are also news-based programmes broadcast daily from Delhi. Commentaries on current topics in Urdu, Kashmiri and Dogri are also put out daily from headquarters, Delhi.
Coverage Of Parliamentry Programmes:-

The daily and weekly reviews of the proceedings in Parliament were introduced on February 14, 1961 in English and Hindi. The daily review called ‘Today in Parliament’ in English and ‘Sansad Sameeksha’ in Hindi has two parts, one on the proceedings in the Lok Sabha and the other on those in the Rajya Sabha. The weekly review in English – ‘This week in Parliament’ and that in Hindi ‘ Is Saptah Sansad Main’ – sums up the important highlights of the proceedings in both Houses during the preceding week.
The broadcast of the daily and ‘Weekly Reviews’ of the proceedings of the State legislatures, when they are in session, were started in 1971-72 in the respective regional languages. A review of the ‘Proceedings of the Delhi Assembly’ was started from December 14, 1993
Radio Newsreels;.
Radio Newsreel was started on December 10, 1955 both in English (Radio Newsreel) and Hindi (Samachar Darshan) from Delhi. Newsreel in English is broadcast on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday while Samachar Darshan is broadcast on Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. Some Regional News Units also put out regional Newsreels in the respective regional languages.
News In Phone Service;
AIR news on Phone was introduced on February 25, 1998 from Delhi. The service provides the latest news highlights in Hindi and English to a listener anywhere in the world on phone on dialing the specified numbers. Later, the News on Phone’ service in Tamil from Chennai, in Telugu from Hyderabad, in Marathi from Mumbai and in Hindi from Patna were also introduced. This same service has also been started from the Regional News Units at Ahmedabad, Thiruvananthapuram, Bangalore and Jaipur in 2006 and from Imphal and Lucknow in 2007

NEW FACILITIES
NSD has set up new News Studios with facilities for inclusion of “Phone-in’s” and has arrangement for holding Radio bridge conferences on special occasions.
SOURCE OF NEWS
The bulk of AIR news comes from its own Correspondents spread all over the country. It has 90 regular Correspondents in India and five abroad at Colombo, Dhaka, Dubai, Kathmandu, and Kabul . Apart from this, AIR has around 500 Part-time Correspondents based at nearly all district headquarters. The PTCs are to meet the requirements of Doordarshan News also.
NSD subscribes to the news agencies – UNI, PTI and their corresponding Hindi services – Univarta and Bhasha, and ANI to make its bulletins broad-based. Another source of news are the Monitoring Units (English and Hindi) attached to the General Newsroom and the Central Monitoring Services, which monitor the bulletins of major broadcasting organisations of the world. A Radio News Exchange Programme was initiated with the members of the Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union to broaden the news coverage. An Information Technology Unit was set up at Delhi to take care of the IT requirements of NSD. The Unit has set up an internal Website to cater to the news requirements of the Regional News Units and others.
SET UP OF NSD
The News Services Division is headed by a Director General (News) (PB) who is one of the senior most officer of the Indian Information Service. He is assisted by a team of Additional Directors General (News), Directors (News) and Joint Directors (News).
The different operational wings of NSD at headquarters in Delhi include: General News Room, Hindi News Room, Reporting Unit, Talks Units (English and Hindi), Newsreel Unit, New Format Cell, Indian Language Units, Monitoring Unit, Reference Unit and Administrative Wing.
The Regional News Units in various States are headed by a Joint Director or a News Editor or an Assistant News Editor assisted by Correspondents, Reporters and Newsreaders-cum-Translators

Vividh Bharati and Commercial Service
The popular Vividh Bharati Service of All India Radio was conceptualized to combat 'Radio Ceylon' in 1957. Within no time it proved to be a popular channel of every household. The service provides entertainment for nearly 15 to 17 hours a day. It presents a mix of film music, skits, short plays and interactive programmes, Some of the old popular programmes of Vividh Bharati are 'SANGEET SARITA', 'BHULE BISRE GEET', 'HAWA MAHAL', 'JAIMALA', 'INSE MILIYE', 'CHHAYA GEET' ETC., are still distinctly recongnised by the listeners. From time to time new programmes were introduced like 'BISCOPE KE BATEIN', 'SARGAM KE SITARE', 'CELLULOID KE SITARE', 'SEHATNAMA', &' HELLO FARMAISH',.
All these programmes are produced centrally at Vividh Bharati Service,Borivili, Mumbai and up-linked to the satellite. 40 Vividh Bharati stations across the country down-linked these programmes through captive earth stations provided at each of these AIR stations. Some local programme windows are also provided at these stations to give regional flavour to the listeners. These 40 Vividh Bharati stations are known as Commercial Broadcasting Service Stations and are located at all major and commercially vibrant cities covering 97% of the Indian population. In 1999 Vividh Bharati Service proved its success connecting Indian Soliders posted on remote border areas to their family members through a special programme entitled "Hello Kargil", through which not only the family members of the soliders , but even a layman including young and old conveyed their best wishes to the soliders to keep up their morale. Eminent actors, play back singers, renowned writers, lyricists, directors and music directors have found way to express their experience and opinion through the Vividh Bharati Platform . A special programme entitled "Ujaale Unki Yaadon Ke" takes the listeners into the world of nostalgia dipping into the memories of the artists of the yester years. With the advent of new technology the transmission of programmes gradually migrated from earlier medium wave transmission to high quality digital stereo FM. Commercials were introduced initially in the Vividh Bharati Service in the year 1967 on an experimental basis. Realising the role of advertising in accelerating the social and material progress of the country, commercials were extended to Primary channels including FM & Local Radio Stations in a phased manner. Advertsing on Radio is not only cost effective to the advertisers but also has the potential to reach far flung areas where no other mass media has succeeded in making any tangible dent.
Some of the popular programmes of Vividh Bharat can also be heard on our National Channel from 2300 hrs. to 0600 hrs. This service now enjoys global listenership through Direct to Home Service (DTH) besides other 11 channels of All India Radio.
AIR had been receiving advertisements through its registered agencies only. With the changing demand of the environment, direct clients are also entertained by all AIR stations. In remote and far flung areas, canvassors are appointed for bringing in local business. There are 15 main CBS Stations, located in each state capital responsible for booking for their entire state. Besides there is a Central Sales Unit called as CSU at Mumbai meant for booking for more than one state. A single window booking facility is available in CSU to facilitate bulk booking with a single contract. Further details of CSU are available at their website" www.csuair.org.in".

Community Radio Centres (5)
Name of State
Sl.No.
Station Name
Date of Comm.
Tr.Strength
Nagaland(English)
1
Mon
10.06.2000
1 KW MW
2
Tuensang
10.06.2000
1 KW MW
Meghalaya(Khasi, Garo)
3
Nongstoin
10.06.2000
1 KW MW
4
Williamnagar
01.07.2000
1 KW MW
Mizoram(Mizo)
5
Saiha
10.06.2000







.
CHANNELS AND PROGRAMMES
Broadcasting started in India 1927 with two privately owned transmitters at Bombay and Calcutta. All India Radio came into existence in 1936 and came to be known as Akashvani from 1957. First News Bulletin was broadcast on January 19, 1936.
PRASAR BHARATIPrasar Bharati the autonomous Broadcasting Corporation of India was constituted by the Government of India to fulfill its commitment to free electronic media from government control. Akashvani and Doordarshan are being managed by Prasar Bharati Board appointed in November 1997.
ALL INDIA RADIOThe phenomenal growth achieved by All India Radio through seven decades had made it to one of the largest media organisations in the world. At the time of Independence the nation had only 6 broadcasting stations and 18 transmitters. Now in the new millennium, it has about 215 stations and 337 transmitters. To serve the communication needs of a plural society of India the network expanded gradually imbibing new technology and programme production techniques.
OBJECTIVESTo provide information, education and entertainment, for promoting the Welfare and happiness of the masses(Bahujan Hitaya Bahujan Sukhaya), All India Radio strives to:
a) Uphold the unity of the country and the democratic values enshrined in the Constitution.b) Present a fair and balanced flow of information of national, regional. local and international interest, including contrasting views, without advocating any opinion or ideology of its own.c) Promote the interests and concerns of the entire nation, being mindful of the need for harmony and understanding within the country and ensuring that the programmes reflect the programmes reflect the varied elements which make up the composite culture of India.d) Produce and transmit varied programmes designed to awaken, inform, enlighten, educate, entertain and enrich all sections of the people.e) Produce and transmit programmes relating to developmental activities in all their facets including extension work in Agriculture, Education, Health & Family Welfare and Science and Technology.f) Serve the rural, illiterate and underprivileged populations, keeping in mind the special needs and interest of the young, social and cultural minorities, the tribal populations and of those residing in border regions, backward or remote areas.g) Promote social justice and combat exploitation, inequality and such evils as untouchability and narrow parochial loyalties.h) Serve the rural population, minority, communities, women, children, illiterate as well as other weaker and vulnerable sections of the society.i) Promote national integration.
THREE TIER BROADCASTINGTo realise its objectives AIR has evolved over the years, a three-tier system of broadcasting namely national, regional and local. It caters to the information, education and entertainment needs of the audience through its stations in this country of continental dimensions and with plural society. They provide news, music, spoken word and other programmes in 24 languages and 146 dialects to almost the entire population of the country, about 103 crores as per 2001 census.
National Channel broadcasts national programmes. The regional and sub-regional stations provide the second tier of broadcasting giving programmes in the regional languages and promoting regional cultural facets.
Local Radio is a more recent concept of broadcasting in India. Local Radio Stations were mostly set up at District Headquarter towns. Each of the stations serving a small area provides utility services and reaches right into the heart of the society. What distinguishes the Local Radio from the regional network is its down to earth intimate approach. The programmes of the Local Radio are area specific. They are flexible and spontaneous enough to enable the Station to function as the mouthpiece of the local community. There are also community Radio Centres at 5 places in the North-Eastern India to serve the local tribal people, set up recently.
Transmission timings and programme composition by broad categories of a few AIR Stations are given in the following pages. Each represents one type of station.
AIR DELHI - FM CHANNELSPROGRAMME COMPOSITION OF FM-I CHANNEL
Type of Programme
Duration per day
Percentage
News
24 mts.
1.66
Music
15 hrs. 36 mts.
65.00
Spoken Words
08 hrs.
33.34
Total
24 hrs.
100.00
BREAK UP OF MUSIC
Type of Programme
Duration per day
Percentage
Devotional Music
01 hr.
4.2
Film/Western/pop Music
13 hrs. 36 mts.
56.6
Classical Music
01 hr.
4.2
Total
15 hrs.36 mts.
65.0
FM-II CHANNELFM-II Channel came on air on September 1, 2001 at Delhi as a niche infotainment channel with 30% of News and Current Affairs component and 70% of Entertainment programming.
The total hours of transmission of FM-II channel is 18 hours and 10 minutes.
From November 12, 2001 the programming of FM-II channel has been refurbished as a part of events marking the celebration of Public Service Broadcasting Day at Delhi Station.
The thrust of the change is to position FM-II as a channel, which presents programming of a classic kind. This will be in its various genres of programmes like music and spoken word.
This channel is trying to provide information inter linked with entertainment and bring information updated on traffic, airlines, railways, weather etc.
Similarly, there are two FM Channels at AIR, Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata.

Other Programmes :-
Music: Music covers a greater part about 38.43% of total programmes as disseminated by AIR through its different services of national,regional and local centres. Air carries the mission of Indian music with the combination of Hindustani and Carnatic music by arranging ‘ Radio Sangeet Sammelan’ concerts programmatically. This has generated a mutual interests of appreciation and enjoyments of Hindusthani music in southern region and Carnatic in northern region significantly.
Another important milestone of Air, is the inception of national orchestra in its musical programme, widely recogonised as ‘ Vadya Vrindya’ in the year 1952 in Delhi. Latter on another set of orchestra was introduced in Madras,which caters both Hindusthani and Carnatic music to satisfy diverse listeners of interests
Beside this, AIR encourages different types of light musics,folks and tribal songs of many regions by presenting significantly. Folk songs of different region are getting priority as given by AIR,as to preserve and develop such culture in Indian music as well Folk music covers about 11.81 percent of total music programme as catered by AIR.
Two significant music festivals-Thyagaraja and Tunsen are broadcast in national channel including regional centers also. AIR, also entertain western music to its diverse listeners by disseminating through 17 stations in all.
Radio Talks or Discussion :- We , very often listen many talks or discussion that radio provides to us. Such talks or discussion cover many subjects of diverse.Major subjects those are presented of developmental issue like ‘Health’, ‘Education’,’Environment Preservation’,’Self-Eemployment’,and ‘Economic Development’ etc.beside this,discussion on entertaining matters,social and cultural and sports related events, are excellently presented to the listeners all.There are so many important discussions are arranged for the listeners’ interest, by inviting the experts or commentators concerned.
Radio Play or Drama :- Entire radio play or drama consists of sound effect only.Voice presentation of different participants involved in this play programme,,are uniquely placed to the listeners seemingly live. as held in running stage programme. The difference that could be identified is futie indeed.Radio play or drama, represents an invisible running stage programme infront of the listeners all.It is held so,due to the excellent combination of performers activities and musical or sound effect merged into it
Running Commentry On Sports & Games :- AIR, specially arranges running comentry on important sports event like Asian games,Commonwealth Games and matches like cricket,Hockey and Football etc of national and international importance.Through such vocal presentation with greter competence, AIR manages to satisfy innumerous radio listeners successfully.
Broadcasting Codes & Ethics:- Broadcasting policy of India follows over all the codes set up by AIR. AIR codes of broadcasting are as follows which prohibit;
(1) Critisism of friendly countries unfairly that may inflict in between relationship.
(2) Critisism or attack on any religion anyway.
(3) Anykinds of vulgur, obnoxious and imbalanced presentation to the listeners.
(4) Any presentation that disregards and disrespects constitution,court or judiciary and administration anyway.
(5) anykinds of provocative presentation that may inflict communal harmony and relationship.
(6) Any presentation that may inspire turmoils and anarchism nationwide.
(7) anykinds of contemt or condemn to the President, chief-justice of supreme and high court, ministry of the rulling party and other distinguished person anyhow.
(8) Aspersion of any religion,cast and group anyway.
(9) Publicity of any individual,company or any organization anyway.
Ethics Of Radio Broadcasting:- Radio is primarily engaged as the medium for entertainment and education to the listeners. Allthough, radio is designated to be working as the medium for public services. Radio, as being a mass medium, works with specific mission and vision. It maintains strictly all of its presented programmes fairly and in balance manner. It never presents any provocative or inductive programme,that may seduce the listeners. It carries the theme and concept of national integration, culture and heritage overall.It avoids anykinds of abusive programme that can inflict someone’s privacy or interest. It oftenly tries to encourage the developmental issues as undertaken by the rulling government as well.Radio always keep closer attention towards making this institution to be unembarrassing and decent medium with maintaining an intimate environment for the listeners all.
Effectiveness Of Radio:- Radio networks covers widely, almost every corner of our country. Radio programmes are well accepted with greater emphasis in rural areas profusely. It does not signify that, the urban people all are not interested and reluctant to radio programmes.Radio can satisfy both rural and urban audience , by catering its lot of diverse programmes and maintains a balance in between them at the same time uniquely.
It is true, that Radio have conquered the heart of the rural people as compared to the urban people. Because,rural people of India,are by and large poor and can not afford mostly,the expane for ny television se.Radio set stands to be fit and affordable to them largely.Radio programmes are keenly arranged so, to inform and educate many poor and illiterate people of the rural areas in best manner and satisfactorily as well. There are so many programmes on developing the agriculture sector,are presented in regular basis,as to educte and aware the agriculturists all conveniently. Beside this, there are so mny programmes including various campaigns are carried out by AIR, as to enhance the ‘mission of birth control’ in our countr through . Moreover, ‘education for all’ mission is successfully encouraged by radi through its different routined programmes all.

Journalism; Reporting & Writing.

Journalism requires courage, vitality, timeliness and professionalism. The objective. of journalism is to present a truthful and accurate report to the people of the society, as to make them well-informed as well as aware of any social matter. Any common problem of the society are highlighted by the activity of journalism with a view to find its solution,by drawing the attentionof the state authority or the government. Consciousness and sense of responsibility of the society people can be generated and nurtured through the great activity of journalism. Journalism is a challenging work, with both ‘dedication and commitment’ to the deadlines of the event.

6.2 Principle Of Journalism:- Facts are sacred and rewarding as well in the works of journalism. All facts are raw materials like in making news. News should be disseminated after collecting & organizing those materials available from an event through the process of filtration or elimination of inobjective or irrelevant parts, as to make the news to be refined for further distribution publicly, Any caterable news should be transparent, unbiased,fair and comprehensive as well to all. Journalism would require self regulation in mind, putting steps forward in in displined manner and good ‘judgement and understanding’ for the mankind. Journalism needs to serve the purposes of society people sympathetically in the crucial periodof time, that they undergo helplessly. Journalism should never indulge any provocative or untruthful news that may mislead the society people. Journalism is an activity of advocacy which keenly engaged in finding solution for any problem of the society. Besude these, journalism must impart the undermentioned principles at least, which are:
(1) Dicipline of mind to view any event or incident objectively.

(2) The ability to represent any news as different from the views.

In addition to the above mentioned principles, maintenance of higher degree of professional standards in the activity of journalism is essential. In achieving this vital part, an accorded responsibility and accountability of the,editors and reporting journalists including the publishers is imperative. Specifically, a journalist ought to be a vigilent to preserve and safeguard the independence or freedom of press in one hand and also remain very careful about the ‘misuses’of the same which has been conferred to him as assured previleges. Such previlegees should not be applied in all circumstances until be required the same for presenting a transparent and truthful news.
6.3 Role Of Journalist:- A journalist is the narrator of any event that takes place anywhere in the world around him. He interprets that event as he sees, by the way of writing ,telling or showing picture something about it in the process of system and order. He must try to explain the facts of any event very simply,clearly as well as in decent manner. His expression should esily be understandable to the users or consumers largely. Beside it, a journalist should possess particularly few more distinguished quality of characteristics in his works, which are as follows:

(a) He must possess a never ending search ability to unveil the truth for any event

(b) He must be ever alert in protecting the independence of press

© He should follow the way of ‘presentation of facts of an event or incident at first, and
then go to their interpretaion’
.
(d) He should present any mattes of an event in comprehensive manner and never in the false light or colourful ways at all.

(e).He should be able to meet the needs of transcending world without waiting or wasing the time.
A journalist must act as a dedicated fighter who will battle in sustained manner.for collecting useful materias from an event and disseminating the same to the audience or consumers after organizing them properly embedA right ‘attitudeded with ‘choosy and selected’ words for beter presentation in meaningful manner, as to keep the interest unaffected. His commitment towards the society, is for the ‘excavation of truth’which remains generally, suppressed by the evil-power allegedly.His utmost effort and emphasis in carrying ahead this ideas and mission of establishing the society on a strong basement of transparany and truth
.
A right ‘attitude’ that he must carry always,as to perform his works in successful manner.He will execute his works confidently but avoiding ‘over confidence’.

6.4 Responsibilities Of Journalist:-

A journalist writes what for the society that he observes keenly.He presents whatever,is consumed by the society people which may consist of different classes, religions, categories and characteristics.So,while presenting the report on any event,a journalist should be very careful and aware of his responsibilities in disseminating it towards the present sensible society. He must deliver such news as it serves a common purpose and fulfills major people’s interests as well.Any presentation or writing of a journalist, should never inflict or hit any part or group of our society regarding its belief, ideals,religion and rituals anyway. The writing of journalist should be inspiring not only in keeping ‘social harmony’ but also in achieving social development at the sametime.

There are three basic responsibilities that are to be considered by any journalist. They are social, legal and professional.

Social Responsibiliy:- Press reflects the social images or pictures of our society.The whole activities of the press imparts many events of our society with a view to present them later on, in decent manner to the society people. The intention behind such approaches and activities, is to make the society people tobe well-informed as well as well-aware of round about happenings.So,every presentation of any journalist should be fair, balnce, truthful,inspiring and meeting the needs of common consumers of the news. Beside the usual events ,a journalist can highlight so many unsolved areas of the society by seeking solution for the same through the activity of journalism and must not overlook or avoid this great part of responsibility towards the society.The presentation of journalist should, initiate an environment of understanding within the society and shoul continue the same in sustained manner, in upholding it satisfactorily.Development of any society mostly, depending upon the imparting of creative and objectful journalistic activities.

Legal Responsibilty:- While working as a journalist, one should be well conversant with all legal clutches as to avert the generation of complicacy as well as to keep the organization ‘troublefree’ any way. For this reason, a journalist must not intervene or inflict to someone’s privacy or confidential matter until it is required to be brought to the notice of public. Any libellous or defamatory presentation taking with someone, any organization or group, is not permittable and should strictly be avoided by the journalist. Libellous and defamatory writings or pictures, may earn instantly resounse or reply from the public with larger acceptance, but it is not pertinent as well as not complying with the standard of professionalism.

Professional Responsibility:- A journalist should have sincerity and commitment towards its profession. The news ofany event that is going to be published for the audience, should be delineated very clearly and faiely. A very good homework in this regard is essential for each and every event, and should be done by the journalist with a view to present the same to the audience confidently and satisfactorily.. The presentation must be truthful and unbiased above all and shall never bring any embarrassment or complicacy to the organization anyway in future. The objective of any journalist is to disseminate the correct and fair report in undistorted manner to the audience rather than crowding them intentially or allegedly to meet the present challenging situation.of the news world.. A news report should be created with greater care and responsibility as to maintain its degree of standard at higher level by avoiding anytype inclusion of undesireable and provocative part or portion.A journalist definitely,would require a high degree of professionalism in presenting any performances to the audience on behalf of any organization, and could be achieved so. by dint of die-hard efforts and unending searching abilty, and being respectful to the works ,understanding with the surroundings and accountability towards the society as well. A journalist must follow the newspaper editor’s deadlines.

6.5 Editor’s Responsibility:- Editor is the custodian of any publishing house.He looks over all materials or contents which are going to be published. The editor possesses the right to select or reject any content in complying with the policy and standard as being set up by the organization.The editor follows and maintain the guidelines strictly as adopted by the news or publishing concern. Because entire responsibility falls upon the editor when implication arises due to misreporting or any other offensive or defamatory writings. The honour of any newspaper or any other publishing house, is mostly depending upon the tentavity and competence of the editor. Editor’s important responsibilies are as follows:

1, The editor shall enjoy complete fredom in respect of implementation of the editorial policy , staffing and the conduct of the paper.

2, The board of management of any newspaper organization shall prepare the annual budget for editorial expanses in consultation with the editor, providing normal expenditures, development programme, contingencies and discretionaries grant.

3, Editor’s decision shall be the final in all maters concerning staffing and all contents of the paper.

4, The editor shall have direct access to the board of members or the proprietor for discussion relating to the matter of the department concerned.

5, Editor has the power to award any increment for any tentative staff as the recogonization of merit.

6,The code of obligations for the editor is, to carry out the policy of the newspaper, to mantatin high standard of the newspaper, to resist all pressures, to generate cooperative spirit among the staffs in the editorial department and to serve the interest of the society impartially.

7, As far as the editorial side is concerned, the editor vis-à-vis the government and the proprietor is to be left free in the discharge of his responsibility.

8, In the event of any disagreement that arises between the board of management and the editor respect to the resignation or removal, both sides should have prior intimation in this regard. Editor must be endowed with six month salary and other legitimate payable amount all including.

6.6 Ethics Of Journalism:- The word ethics refers to a set of rules or norms and guidelines, that have been conceded to be followed strictly in performing the works of journalism. Any journalist should obey and maintain these norms and guidelines utmost with regards and respect, while performing any kinds of journalistic works. In achieving high standard in professional journalism, the specified rules of morals and ideals, should be preserved at any cost by the journalists or any organization of newspapers or magazines and periodicals as well. In order to execute any message effectively and to earn the ‘credibility’ of the news organization, a journalist must follow and maintain such articulated norms and guidelines which are widely accepted across the world. , are as follows:

(1) Accuracy and Truthfulness: The presentable news must be truthful above all and facts all relating to any event on which the news will be prepared for dissemination to the audience should be accurate ,undistorted and genuine. Informations collected on making news should carry such accuracy and genuinity as to earn the confidence of the audience and trustworthyness as well relating to the news greatly.

(2) Veryfication before publication: It is an important matter that news prepared for publication,should be verified very carefully. Thoroughly checking and scrutinizing in this regard is essential to avoid future embarrassment. Credibility of sources should essentially be confirmed. Any wrong news or news interpreted improperly, may create controversy and even also mislead the audience subsequently..

(3) Carefullness for defamatory & libelous writing:- A journalist should pay serious attention to any defamatory writing that may bring implication or arise contention in future. The journalists should strictly avoid such libelous writing that may hamper the goodwill of the organization.

(4) Rectification Of Errors:- It happens so that, any news has distributed to the audience errorneously by misquoting the name of person, or placerelating to the event ,and in other way. Such error done should be conceded through publishing in the correct manner.Otherwise the consuming audience might be misled.

(5) Sensational Headlines:- During the coverage of any major accident,earthquakes or any unnatural event, where extensive devastation take place in cluding many death of people, should not be published with scaring or sensational headlines. Such sensitive headlin may misguide or turn out in negative effect. So, whatever serious may be the event and to highlight it properly, sensational headline should be avoided strictly.

(6)Aawareness for communal reports:- While reporting any communal clashes or disputes, proper verification with careful surveillance on the event, should be conducted. Report should be so that it may never deterirate or instigate more the situation at present.It is recommended to report in soothing form as to neutralize the the tension and shock there on.

(7)Religion discrimition; While reporting on any event of our society that may involve any matter of religion or group or any other communities, so,special care and awareness would be required as to avoid anykinds of implication that may arise in future. Going on writing wth such sensivitive part of religion, a journalist should never abuse,condemn or underestimate any religion anyway. A journalist must abstain from slandering any religious group or community even although being convicted or complaint has been well conceded by administrstion or verified in any means or way.

(8) Avoid filthy and incivic report; As any news report may be consumed or shared by anyone irrespective of any age old persons, so maintain of decency and cleanliness on any reported material ors tories would be required as to achieve high standard in journalism.

(9) Avoid misuse of power; Personal attack to someone or invasion to one’s privacy, should never be the part of reporting anyway. Even any rapped or sexually assaulted person who is reluctant to get exposed with the media, should not clearly de highlighted or identified in the reporting. A journalist does have such power of expressing any inhuman matter of our society for necessary legal acion that could be taken by the administration concerned. In such incident, a journalist would require a restrictive mind in dominating its own desire to disclose so openly to the public.

(10) Suppression or distortion of news:- A journalist should neither suppress nor distort the news anyway that he intends to report.He must not entertain any types monetary packages or advantages in other form instead of such suppression or distortion.of news.

While working as a journalist, so many implications may take places to harass or disturbe the part of reprting somehow now and then and be needed to tackle or overcome the faced problem keenly and tactfully by applying presence of mind. Naturally, journalists can not always be accompanied or directed by all possible doable or not doable in every step at all. Journalists would require the sense of responsibility and accountability towards the society as well as to the concerned organization as to select the right one to be done..Such capacity or abilty to handleany undesirable situation, will need to be generated either by self efforts or by an instinctive trends. Journalists should never forget tht the profession of journalism is concerned with sacred activities of bringing any event to light properly to the public, with a view to fulfill thire objectives in balanced manner as a whole.

6.6:- Reporting Of News:

Reporting of news for publishing or presenting in newspaper, radio ,televisionor in other medium, is an inherent part of journalistic profession. News reporting is an innovative work through specific styles or manners as to turn any described event into a digestive news for the public by keeping values and sense in full as well as attraction to the best in it. Special care to be taken by the reporting journalist, while reporting any event as to make it news for the public,as it does not lack any attraction and fail to be interesting to the consumer audience or readers.

News: Defination & Meaning.

Now, let us be known of the definition and meaning of the ‘News’. News is an abstruct concept and consolidated definition has not yet been prepared so far. News is generally, a description of an unusual.event i.e. non occurring incident which does not happen regularly. News should be disclosed timely before the notice of larger section of the people of the society as to keep intact necessary interest and attraction inside it for larger people’s use. As time goes on,the importance of news tends to be minimized gradually. News is perishable and after a certain period of time it becomes a history a it hs lost its all about of ‘romance and charms’ already. Where a freshly new matter of news keeps the escence of both as well.
So, news is, a timely report of any described matter of an event or incident before the larger numbers of the population of the society who are not at all known or aware of it, by keeping their interests and attraction alive objectfully.

Fundamental ‘Elements’ And ‘Qualities’ Of News.

Any news must carry few elements which are necessary in exposing any event to be appearing in better form to the consumer audience. With the presence of such elements, any event could be served as to be more ueeful,acceptable and easily digestible to the users as well. These elements are s follows:

Nearness or Closeness; Any news concerned with the place where consumer audience reside,get much more priority or attention by the audience.It is quiet natural, that the event which has taken place adjacent or near to the area , state or neighbouring country of the consumer audience where residing, will be well known as well as acquainted all about related facts. The concerned event must draw their attention seriously and will create more emphasis among them intensely.
Timeliness or Promtitude: Any news should be published timely as faster as possible as to sustain it attraction as well as interests at higher degree for the consumer audience. Promtitude in publishing any news can be more ueful and acceptable significantly to the consumers or users of the same. News published untimely may not be so reactive and responsive as generally being needed and urged by media organizations largely from the consumer audience.

Prominence: A news which is concerned with any prominent person, place or any other easily identifiable matters or facts, carries more importance to the audience over all. Prirified persons or areas are generally able to command the interest and emphasis of larger part of the audience.significantly. Prior acquaintance or recogonization can insist the audience, to have greater inclination towards the published news.

Human Interest: An event of human interest can be a news well. Like, a little boy, fallen into a deep whole and was rescued after a die-hard operation for 18 hrs, as carried by the civil rescue team. Atender aged virgin got wedded with a tree. Such judicious and colourful events can meet the human interest.

WeatherAnd Sports: A news that covers prevailing weather condition or envirounmental matters surrounding receives special attention from the audience. On the other hand, sports field is presently considered to be an important area of diversities significantly. Irrespective of ages and different categories of people in numbers, have been emphatically interested in sports news. Many news on different types of sports and games, like ‘Football’,’Cricket’, ‘Hockey’, ‘Tenis’ etc. or any other national or international tournaments.

New decision or action from the government.: Any recent decision or action taken by the government on important matter that impacts the public with an immediate effect significantly, could contribute to the making of a good news.

New Follow up: Follow up of the news plays a vital role
In presenting any news in more attractive and well acceptable manner, Proper verified and cross checked matters of any event can upgrade the magnitude of the news.

News Values:

Importance of any news varies from one lavel to another, from one community to another community even from one country to another country. A news for rural benefit may appears to the urbanians of no use. Similarly,any developmental news for the under developed countries, like India, Pakistan,Sri Lanka could be oftenly be valueless or useless to the developed nations like The US,France,German etc. The government has passed ‘the wage bord’s proposal’in a resolution in the Loksabhs would draw special attention from the urban people rather than the rural people. So,news may not acquire equal value or importance uniformly from the consumer audience equally.News should carry the required essence of ethical values as well as the mission of journalism. Demoralised part, vulgarity and provocative part of news should necessarily be breached and avoided. News should never be a merely writings or description of an event which has neither objectives nor impacts to the consumer audience.

Qualities Of News: A news is considered to be viable and up to mark of its standard,when such news carries few required qualities which are essential. These qualities are as follows:

Correctness or Accuracy: Any publishable new must contain correct informations over all. News should be truth, genuine and never be presented in colourfull manner to the audience at all.Incorrect and provocative news may mislead the consumer audience.

Objectivity: Any news published for the audience should be purposive and useful. Objectivity is an important quality of any presentable news and special attention is required in this regard as news should not be appeared as a merely writing works.

Clarity or Transparancy: Trnsparancy in ny news published, help or allow the audience, to understand the matter thoroughly in convenient manner. Decribing an event with clarity may recll the interactive parts evolved within the audience after consuming it.

Balance: It is one of the significant part of any qualitative news. News should be catered by highlighting both ends or sides as to allow the audience to judge the matter perfectly in complte manner. Strike was called by the working personels in a company.It is described as offensive by the owners group. It is highlighted,and is desireable. But why and which parts have initiated such harmful trike as the work forces were compelled to resort so? The reson behing should also be highlighted properly to make the public aware as well. One sided approach in news reporting is not desireable as well as acceptable in the sense of its quality or gradation.

Impact: News reports are published with a view to impact the consumer audience. There are so many matters lying unsolved in our society, by bringing them to the light of the public, could stir or motivateall concerned in finding possible solution in this respect. Such broken out of essential issues as news may lead the administration to take necessary action towards those needful pending matters.

So, journalists, should consider crefully the above mentioned poimts regarding what factors are essential that can make any news and what qualities be needed tomaintain in this regard for making the same publishable for the audience. News should come to the users asto be fruitful, interesting and widely accepted.


.Basics Of Good Writing.

Journalits would require to present any happenings or events to the audience through any medium like print, radio, television or internet by properly delivering the intended contents. Writing of content is an important part of journalism as to make it attractive,interesting, understandable and acceptable well to the consumer audience.A content must be animated and written so that, can speaklike infront of the audience. Particularly, in the field of print journalism,special care and attention would require as compared to the other mediums. Print medium is specifically based on ‘good writing’ of presentable contents in the newspapers, magazines, periodicals and manuals etc. Good writing is so essential which could be regardable as well as well received in those areas of print medium. Journalists may acquire sound respect and honour from the different publishing houses with the aid of their abilities towards ‘good writing’of articles, features or other news stories for the public uses.

Qualities Required For Any Good Writing:-

A good writing must be clear, concise and to the point above all. It should be so simple, as to be understandable by everyone easily. Good writing does not include any hard nut to crack words i.e jargons anytime as not to make the theme unnecessarily implicative and complex Use of jargons largely in any writing may produce ‘loss of interests’ or reluctancein the mind of the consumer audience. So,control over using of words is necessary,that makes the sentence more nice, conspicuous and eligible. A good writing should be construcyed by limited words by avoiding repeatation at the same time.Such deliberately knitted any news story or features can command many’s respect as well as urges. Any writing duly delineated, can establish an intimate relationship between writer and readers or consumer audience easily.Mostly,sentences added toany piece of writing, should be simple. Quottion might be included in the writing as to grow confidence within the readers or audience as well as to establish credibility well. Rewrite and revision should always be exercised by the writer as to make the story more accurate and perfectly presentable to the readers.

Beside the above mentioned all points which are essential for good writing,a few more valuable poinys will need to be considered by any writer as well.These are as follows:

Accuracy : All the informations,that are included in the news story,feature,or articles should be correct absolutely. Inaccurate message may produce misunderstanding among the readers. Even incorrect presentation may mislead the consuer readers well.

Proximity or Closeness: An event or any subject matter on which a writer intends to write, carries more attraction and importance for the readers,if it is involved or concerned with the adjacent or neighbouring place where the readers are residing. Story on neighbouring facts can produce more interests and emphasis within the readers than other story of remote one.

Timelyness: Writing on any subject matters or events,should be presented timely to the readers or consumer audience. Because, presettion of any fresh or ongoing matters can easily be accepted by the readers or users of the same. Contemporary event creats more emphasis or trendy attitude within the readers or audience.

Impact: The main objective of any writing is not merely to fulfill the demands or interests of the readers or audience. Beside the part of satisfying the readers’ need, moulding and motivating them at the same time, is the greater purpose or objective of good writing. A good writing can move or drive the society people to a certain direction for achieving the required goal for for the society as a whole. Moreover, good writing can prodice or set a distinguished culture and education among the society people.

Structure Of Good Writing:-

It is primarily needful to structurize any writing materials or content , for making it presentable to the readers in best manner. So, the content above all, in which the whole subject matter will be described, should proceed with a specific form or style as to make it a standardize well. By following this strategy of making a presentable structure, which seems to be tracklike to the content in the process of writing. on which it moves ahead step by step. Any worthy writing, that starts nicely, can attract the readers to get involved into it and stretches them more satisfactorily ahead further up to end with a touch of good finishing. The structure of any good writing is as foolows:

Structure For News Story Writing;’The Inverted Pyramid’.

After collecting necessary informations for presenting any news to the readers, a reporting journalist would require to describe the whole matter in handy way including all those informations, as to make it acceptable easily and widely as well. The presentation of such content or news story in the style or form of ‘inverted pyramid’,is considered to be useful. In this particular style, the first two or three lines are written as an introduction to the readers on the subject matter briefly.It is called as ‘intro’that allows any reader to get recogonised over all of the content. It explains all about the story here in few lines at the first stanza by providing all important informations respect to the content. In the next paragraph it continues with supplementary information, as to expand the matter of the content to the readers. This portion of ‘inverted pyramid’allows the readers to stay at homogenious state of understanding the matter as well. And the last paragraph one, includes few relating informations as extra inputs to the content to give a optimum presentable shape and size.

The benefit of inverted ‘pyramid’ is, it provides many useful informations in shortest means or way without killing readers’ time undesirably. It can keep the readers stick to the content from starting to end with interests and emphasis alive as well.


Lead: It is the face of any good writing like news story, feature, article or any other types of writing. This part, presents all about the subject matter in brief, and ,very clearly that allows the readers to acquire an over all perception from it. It is precise and important part of any writing.

Body:- It is the next part after the ‘lead’,that come on the way of writng any content for news stories,features or any other articles. It is the middle part,where the subject matter is presented in detail, by adding required informations, as to make clear as fer as possible to the readers. This is the descriptive part of the content or any subject matter, which contains various useful points or sides of the explainable subject matter that can open the window for further thinking to the readers. It is very ueful and effective part of any good writing as to win the readers.

Conclusion Or Inference:- It is the concluding part of any writing. Here, a writer can add few expertise comments that could either be of others or indidual, as to reflect the subject mater to the readers bitterly. The objective of this part is to draw an end of any writing satisfactorily by allowing the readers to think more even after having good finish.

The above style is widely used in feature writing or any types of articles for magazine, periodicals or otherweeklies etc. Bside this, a writer can establish its own style to get recogonized distinctively in the writing world. After achieving a greater control and command over the writing world as well as in the professional segment of own, it is possible to handle such style preffered and designed selfly.

Print Medium; Press:

.5.1, Introduction: The word ‘press’ is usually meant by the printing press. But in the greater sense ‘press’ implies the combined activities of journalism and systematic publishing works of newspapers, magazines, periodicals,journals,books and others in the printed form. Thogh customarily,newspapers hold the title of ‘press’enormously in potential manner as well. Press render what to our society through its printing works furnished with journalistic activities, are informative ,educative,entertaining and suggestive. Press impulse our society by providing necessary updates regarding the surroundings.Press carryas well as represent the nation’s portrayal as being accountable and responsible print medium to the civilized world.5.2 Newspaper and its evolution in India: Newspaper can be defined as “any periodical printing works containing public news and comments on public news”. Newspaper provides not only informations on any fact or event,but also caters these in descriptive manner or in the form of detail statement furnished with pictures and colourful presentation. Moreover,newspaper highlights any important isses on either national or international topics through its editorial, indepth analysis and in other form of features and articles. Newspapers act also as the bridge between the nation’s rulling government and the people of the nation, as to transmit or exchange informations from either sidewith a view to aware,to instruct or suggest both on any particular issue or event. As the necessary measure or step could be taken by anyone or both in this regard. Newspaper is an adorable medium and can be used as reader’s convenience. Newspaper is presumed to be fare and impartial in dessiminating the news as compared to other medium like radio or television.The English language newswspaper was printed and published first in Calcutta on 29th January 1780 known as ‘Bengals Gazatte’by Augustus Hicky. With the entrepreneurship of such person of British origin,made possible the people of India to experience the taste of newspaper with the British infasted users. Though the newspaper was not found in a regular process of publication and would not follow or maintain the minimum ethical codes of journalism.It was full of stories and gossips to entertain the British elite class covering few activities of the officials of the ‘East India Company’.The newspaper ran for twentytwo months only and ended in march 1782.In a regular way, Raja Ram Mohon Roy published newspaper in ‘Bengali’ in the year 1822 with the journalistic views and objectives. He was the pioneer in language newspaper publishing. He is conceded to be as the father of Indian regional language newspaper.5.2.1 Growth And Expansion Of Press:With the application of advanced printing technology, a revolutionary change that has taken place in every segment of print media. During the eighty decade, we had a lot of beautiful magazines, periodicals, journals even newspapers available in the market. The major of them were extensively diversified with glittering printing impression and stylish typography, excellent picturization, nicely layout with colourful presentation and fine paper that never we had before. Being equipped with such attractive and appealing get up, print media were able to find its place on the table of many’s drawing room strongly. Newspapers of today, are providing a lot of varieties news,features,indepth articles, sportsnews widely,businessnews ,education and careernews,fimnews as well by allotting a numbers of pages in affordable price to the readers. Almost all, modern newspapers are uniquely presented to the readers with greater attraction and excellence.5.2.2 Number And Circulations Of Newspaper:India consumes 99 million copies of newspapes as in 2007 and is considered to be second largest market of newspapers in the world as in the year 2008. The expansion in readership is due to literacy growth, affordable price of newspaper and above all, increasing appetite for news and informations among the people. In 1950 there were 214 daily newspapers, with forty-four in English and the rest in Indian languages. By 1990 the number of daily newspapers had grown to 2,856, with 209 in English and 2,647 in indigenous languages. The expansion of literacy and the spread of consumerism during the 1980s fueled the rapid growth of news weeklies and other periodicals. By 1993 India had 35,595 newspapers--of which 3,805 were dailies--and other periodicals. Although the majority of publications are in indigenous languages, the English-language press, which has widespread appeal to the expanding middle class, has a wide multicity circulation throughout India.There are four major publishing groups in India, each of which controls national and regional English-language and vernacular publications. They are the Times of India Group, the Indian Express Group, the Hindustan Times Group, and the Anandabazar Patrika Group. The Times of India is India's largest English-language daily, with a circulation of 656,000 published in six cities. The Indian Express , with a daily circulation of 519,000, is published in seventeen cities. There also are seven other daily newspapers with circulations of between 134,000 and 477,000, all in English and all competitive with one another. Indian-language newspapers also enjoy large circulations but usually on a statewide or citywide basis. For example, the Malayalam-language daily Malayala Manorama circulates 673,000 copies in Kerala; the Hindi-language Dainik Jagran circulates widely in Uttar Pradesh and New Delhi, with 580,000 copies per day; Punjab Kesari , also published in Hindi and available throughout Punjab and New Delhi, has a daily circulation of 562,000; and the Anandabazar Patrika , published in Calcutta in Bengali, has a daily circulation of 435,000. There are also numerous smaller publications throughout the nation. The combined circulation of India's newspapers and periodicals is in the order of 60 million, published daily in more than ninety languages.There are three categories of newspaper viz; big, medium and small in which all significant newspapers can be distinguished.Big Newspaper; Over 75000 numbers of circulation are considered to this group. We have such 136 newspapers in India.Midium Newspaper; Circulations over 2500 nos but below 75000 nos are considered to be medium category newspaper. We have such 330 newspaper in our country.Small newspaper; The numbers of circulation belong to this group is below 2500 nos. There are 3528 nos newspaper in this group in India.The ownership pattern and control over the Indian newspapers are mostly held and operated by the individuals followed by the society/association,firms/partnership,joint stock company and others. About seventy percent of total Indian newspapers belong to the group of individuals. Similarly, society/associates hold 15%,firms/partnerships hold 5% and so on. Now we see that the market of newspapers, is under the grip of ‘Monopoly’. Diffusion in ownership patterns of newspapers, is necessary for healthier environment in the field of journalism.## Indian newspapers are enjoying enormous liberty in exercising their journalistic role and activities, by disseminating all kinds of news as well as their views and opinions in liberal manner.5.2.3; Characteristics of Newspaper:The main characteristics of the newspaper as compared to other media, is its extensive coverage of news in variey. Newspaper generally takes to its account many more importantant issues of national and international both, as to enlighten before their readers in descriptive manne .The newspaper publishes the vital issues or any in-depth matter through its editorials and opinions on the particular pages allotted specially for this purpose. Features and articles are published regularly in the newspaper. Beside this,economy and business news, sports news, science and technology news, news on weather and so many different types of news are catered by the newspaper in attractive manners. The news in the newspaper, is retainable and can be read or used later on as reference or documents. The news paper can be used or enjoyed by sharing with other in relay process. A person who can’t afford any newspaper,may have the scope of reading afterwards by sharing with other who can afford it. Newspaper allows a special opportunity to the readers to read it at anytime,anywhere according to readers’ choice or convenience.National newspapers are emphatically inclined towards catering urban news profoundly.There are lot of useful news remained unpublished on rurals in those papers because by and large newspaper organizations are established in cities or big towns. A small numbers of rural newspapers are trying their best in this regard, but they are not so competent in publishing all the necessary news on rural matters. Newspaper still deserves the creditibilty and respectability in our society.5.2.4; Organizational Set-up Of Newspaper;Most of the newspaper organizations either big or small, are professionally managed and handled by competent management wings to cope up with the existing rigorous competition in the market.There are different types of organizational structure are laid down that vary organization to organization to serve the own purpose.Over all, the major portion of newspaper enterprises have been following by taking to their greater consideration of such four important segments which can persue or fulfill the objectives of the newspaper organization. In some cases such consideration may differ accordingly which can depend on the size or sales volume of the respective concern. The segments are being departmentalized as follows: Editorial;, Production; Business and Administration.Editorial Department: The editorial department is considered to be the ‘heart and soul’ of any newspaper organization and that carries the successfulness and glory of the organization as well. The success of any newspaper concern depends upon the effective,competent and promt operations of the editorial department.The editorial department generally consists of three types of sectionized activities are as follows;News Room; This section collects and receives different different types of news or reports for further processing as to finalise for printing. So serious attention as well as special care is paid to every part or step on the way of finalising for presentation to the readers.News Gatherings; This section receives various news or reports from different sources like news agencies,correspondents, reporters or stringers with a view to store or gather for future uses. There are different categories under which news are segregated which are arranged by this section. The types of news are political, business and ecoomy,sports and games, science and technology, health,educational, social and others. Newsgatherings is a depot of several news or reports from where newsroom chooses and selects any news for making fit it for reading to the readers. Throughout the day, flow of news are likely to be coming in the newsgathering for retaining or preserving the same in secured place like computer specially allotted for this purpose. Daylong the computer keeps all types of news or informations in safe for retrieving all in future as to forward those to the desk for editing and final selection for presentation.Opinions And Views; The entire section is under the responsibility of editor.Because The editorial punlished in the newspaper that reflects the opinon or views of the organization on any national or international issue.So editorial must be in line with the policy of the publication company. Serioua and important articles on national or international issue are also published in the newspaper in addition to the the editorial published.News Editing: The most important task,as performed by the editorial department.under the supervision and control of the chief editor/editor.The chief editor/editor is always assisted by few numbers of sub-editors. There are several types of news or informations available from the newsgathering, which are being selected as well as processed by the sub-editors to give those news or informations proper shape under the final approval or consent of the chief editor or editor. According to present practices,there are several editors of special category like political editor,sports editor,business editor and so on, who have been engaged to look after those specialized areas for betterment and attractive presentation. News editing is an extraordinary powerful art or technique, tha can wield any good writings with a view to reconstruct after some alternation like elimination or addition as to increase the value of writings more in the sense of meaning, attraction and feedabilty to the readers.Production Department:- This department involves a greater part of any newspaper organization which starts with the composing of letters, layout and designing, page setting and finallyends with the printing of newspaper. In between this tiredless process of works,few more other responsibilities are performed. To keep the entire system of this department in regular condition,technical and maintainance wings are incorporated with it uninterruptedly.Business Department:- This department takes the greater care of all kinds of revenues earned through the selling of news papers, selling the space for advertisements. It also looks after the dealers’ commission which is payable for newspaper selling on behalf of them. This department searches and initiates further scope for fiscal gain within the concern by undertaking new and special drive. The business department pays alltime attention towards the economic growth of the concern in terms of boosting the selling of newspapers.Administrative Department.:- This department is occupied with looking after so many important matters like personnel, distribution or transportation of newspaper properly, appointment of new dealers for selling newspaper and others. It looks after the sensitive personnel affairs like recruitement, gradation of working personnels and their benefits as well.All types of grievances which appeared from the working staffs and employees, are competently mitigated by this department. It also extends greater efforts towards facilitating the distributing system as to reach the newspapers in remote or any interior places conveniently.5.3; New Trends In Press:- With the advent of new printing technology, a revolutionary change has been prevailing phenomenon that could be followed in the field of press works. At present, electronic typographical layout and designing, letter implantation and graphics as a whole, has brought a new lavel in the area of pressworks. Todays newspapers,magazines and periodicals are more brightand glittering than earlier we had. The presentation of newspaper headlines and other noticeable news are very nicely printed through different types of letters accorded with multicolours, excellently allocated boxex and tabs and splendid photographic impression. Present magazine and periodicals are too much allureable and eyecatching to the most of the people,who once turn their eyes at those magazines and periodicals, are induced to grab it for its own possession. The cover pages of magazines are so attractively designed with colourful letters and enchanting photographs, that no one can surpass It of without having it. Modern printing technology aided by computerized typographical representation have allowed such upgradation in publishing houses as well asensured qualitative products for the readers in a new style. More investment in publication area, has boosted the prices of present magazines and periodicals. A hard nut to crack competition and speedy commercialization, are prevailing phenomenon that everywhere can be experienced by us today in publication sector as well. To meet the present challenges, the publishing houses are engaged in devising so many ways, as to increase their readerships significantly. Publishing houses are intensifying their all efforts to gain the economic viability as well as independence. In doing that, themajor publishing houses are sidetracking the mission and vision of journalism.Except few ones, the major portion of magazines and periodicals are inductive as well as seductive. Contents of magazines and periodicals are indeed of cheaper quality, and that have neither good objectives nor bearing any morale or ethical values. With a view to boosting the selling of those magazines and periodicals, such resort to provocative journalism has oftenly been taken allegedly and extensively. Beside this, professional suffocation and pressure have always been dominated the journalists from revealing the truthful reports in complete manner. Contracted journalism has been entertained by the editors who wield the contents by cutting or making up for presentation to the readers. Political and commercial impacts are being avoided by this type of contracted and depraved journalism with a view to keeping the interests of the owners of the business houses ultimately. It is the reality today, that modern journalism is engaged more emphatically in amazing and pleasing the most of the readers rather than allowing them to confront the bittering truthful report in complete sense and realization.5.4 The Role Of Press: The press plays an enormous role role on behalf of our society. Ceaselessly, it keeps a close look on our society as ‘watch-dog’. Press always, pay attention and focus the required areas of the society where possible changes could be brought down. Any disordering situation that can oftenly take place in our socity i.e. politically, economically,educationally,judicially and other in so many areas, are instantly highlighted nationwide through the keen activities and competence of the press.Basically, though the press play the key roles for the society, are: (a) Providers of abundant informations and news. (b) Entertainers of amusement and pleasure. (c) Builders of institutions. (d) Furnishers of different channels of expression and interaction. (e) Motivators of new perception and idea on economy and development in the changing scenario of the society. (f) Shapers of future for the nation. (g)The press act as the most successful narrator and the best relectors of our society by presenting all types of so many events that are oftenly surpassed or overlooked by the people of the society. Press breed ‘consciousness and sense of responsibility’among the people of our society through their proper presentation and in-depth analysis. The press also, in the nick of time, bring into light every needful matter of our society, with a view to raising discussion and debate nationwide for deriving the best possible solution. The press can mould as well as constitute the attitude, culture, opinions, and views of major population of the country. In an environment of democracy,the press take a greater initiativeas well as leading part for better implementation of so many developmental works or projects those have been undertaken by the government of the state, by pointing out the errs held within the administration or in authoratitative action as to achieving the best possible results in this regard.The press, overall exist as the unwritten custodian, to look afer all about the matters those held in our society.,and act as the well- wishers of the society through its’ tiredless surveillance and advisory role that help the society to move ahead in system and order with a view to securing the desired development for the society.5.5 The Present Status Of Press:-The press at present days, are enjoying a special power in our society both economically and socially. Press today, have occupied highly dignified and powerful position within its’ range of activities in our democratic society. Pres today is not merely a publishing concern. It hold invisible power that oftenly been rewarded by our society with due respect.The big houses as well as the midium newspaper organization, have been residind on strenghhful and stable economic basement. Both big and medium newspaper concerns are economically independent and flourishing smoothly in stable manner. Both of thise two types of organization, have been collecting revenues through advertisement in increasing order day by day. Both of them are holding a control over ‘Ad market’ satisfactorily in gaining the the economic viability as well.But, the condition of small newspaper organization, is disappointing and helpless too. The major number of newspapers have been facing severe financial trouble to run their existing dealings in proper ways or means. All this small newspaper concerns are quietly unable to combat with the present competition. Lack of sufficient working capital,the small newspaper enterprises are unable to adopt the policy of modernization for the betterment of their newspaper publishing. Without having advanced technology applied to their industry, the small newspaper groups still can not embroaden their readerships as well. Their newspapers are not so nicely printed with attractive exposures.The dissemination of news in vaiety of interests or in extensively published, are not available in those newspapers.naturally readers interest can not be preserved.


5.6 Professional Discipline & Ethics Of Journalism:

In the democratic environment of our society, the ‘press’ as well as every other ‘media’ can enjoy their right to ‘freedom of expression’ profusely in exercising the role of journalism, by saying, writing and visualizing any important matter of public interest before their audience or users.. But beside this, it is experienced also that,few newspaper organizations or other media concerns have been deviated from the right track of journalism allegedly as well as intentionally, as to fulfill their own interests.Such deviant mass media concerns are utilizing their ‘privileged power’ which has been awarded in an environment of democracy, in negative mannerin the sense of retaliation or gaining advantages in our society by humiliating the morals and ideals of journalism.

The first press commission that was constituted in the year 1952,proposed to form a press council which would be a regulatory authority to look after the activities of different newspaper organizations including other media concerns. The press council is such authority which governs every media concern as it may not indulge in anykinds of negative or provocative journalism. Press council acts as a competent authority to restrict or censoring any malpractising media concern. Press council concedes as well as urges the press and the other mass media concerns to do whatsoever for the public interests and benefit as well.Press council has laid down few rulls and guidelines which is ased on its principle and decision undertaken by its governing bodies which are subject to change or amendment time to time as the situation arises on.



The most important dicision of press council that imparts as follows; It is the duty of press “ to serve the people with news,views,comments and information on the matters of public interests in fair, accurate, unbiased,sober and in decent manner….Publication of inaccurate, baseless, graceless,misleading and distorted materials should be avoided”. The second important inclusion is that the newspaper must pubish any defamatory or libelous materials against any individual or organization unless it is required so, for the public interests as well as for the sake of nation. The press council also has forbidden any intervention or intrusion on personal affairs or privacy of someone or any organization unless it is essential for the sake or interest of the public.The press council also suggests not to indulge and encourage any matter by pulishing that may bring any damage or harm to the state or society by humiliating the rights of individuals, the social harmony or order.Even also it is suggested that press should not resort to any vulgarity and obscenity throughtheir indecent presentation.

5.7 The Status And Role Of Different Classes Of Newspaper:-

National Newspaper: This group of newspapers have an extensive coverage of news on both internationally and nationally. National newspapers do possess a very strong and srengthful journalistic activities as well as wider communication tie-up with different news agencies and organizations globally.They commands and control an well devised journalistic networks throughout the country and internationally.They enjoy a lion’s share of the advertisement in the market as revenue in comparishon to others.National newspapers are so economically viable and can dominate the market considerably high.But this group of newspaprs generally avoid and surpass manymore local or rural news which are needful. National newspapers are intrincically interested in catering urban news profusely as they are located in all metro cities of the country.National newspapers generally, fail to preserve their responsibilities in highlighting many matters of deprived rural citizens of the country.

Regional Newspaper:- The regional newspapers are printed in different regional languages and published from all the big cities of the country.This types of newspapers have a combined coverage of news including both urban and rural.matters.Regional newspapers are,as written in regional languages ,plays a commandable role throughout the region in espanding their readers significantly. It ecourage as well as contribute to the enhancement of literacy through their publishings in different regional languages.This group of newspapers are economically independent moderately as they collect handsome advertisement as revenues as to run their workable condition satisfactorily.Regional newspapers are performing well in catering various news covering nationwide events.It also include in their publishings so many events pertaining to rural are as to encourage rural citizens as well as to meet the needs of rural readers.

Rural or Local Newspaper:- The status of the rural or local newspaper, is not so well as compared to others like national or regional newspaper. Major of them, are economically suppressed and are running in very miserable condition.They are publishing newspapers by adopting old printing techniques rather than adopting the present advanced printing technology as oftenly applied in both national and regional newspapers. For this reason the local newspaper organization can not combat with present competition in keeping the interests or attraction of the readers. But they perform a greater responsibility in highlighting all ins and outs of various rural events to their readers.They publish every acute problem of rural citizens as to draw the attention of state authority with a view to find the necessary solution for the same.Local newspapers act indeed comittedly, as the selfless advisor and tiredless watchdog for the rural society despite having poor earning and collection of revenue from advertisement.

5.8 The Future Of Press:-

In the presence of other potentialelectronic media like radio and television, press will be existed as strong as well as most demanded media to the larger portion of the media consumers. Press have been establishing its ground firmly through its innovative developmental measures adopted day after day as reach manymore readers strengthfully.Today’s magazines are large occupying the place of many’s drawingroom teatables.The allurable and excellent get-up of major magazines, have compelled many readers to stick with using these at least once. There are fewer ones among the literate persons or the readers who can avoid or surpass such attractive magazines without turning its pages after looking at its’ appealing cover pages. Although the price of magazines have considerably been increased that have brought constraints to the readers, the intimacy of readers with the costly magazines have not yet been thinned at all.