Model Of Communicatio

Chapter-2, Models Of Communication.

1.1,. Introduction: It has been followed that, comuunication starts with the delivery or dissemination of various contents or messages that are initiated by the the sender through selected channel as to establish a link with the receiver with a view to invite participation in that process of communication. The whole process of communication can be represented by different structurised forms or patterns, by means of which the perception of communication could be visualized or enlightened more effectively, strengthfully as well as in consolidated manner. The necessity of such structurised form or pattern is essential to represent the communication process with greater reality and validity. How all the essential elements are are involved in a process of communication, as to establish an effective relationship between the sender and receiver, is described mechanistically to ensure the reality and feasibility within the process of communication.

1.2 Defination & Meaning: Model means generally, a portrayal or miniature that are constructed or designed with a view to represents any big or vast project, as to highlight or conceptualise over all.Model can explains any big project or arrangement to make it easily understandable to other. For making a big steel industry,strating from the source of ‘hematite (iron ore) to the finished steel, so many steps or processes are to be followed to convert the raw materials to finished product I,e. steel. It is a vast arrangement indeed. Very simply the total arrangements could demonstrated or displayed in a sqire foot area by constructing a model.Such model is able to provide over all ideas about a vast project like steel industry which is to set up in the country n future.
*Thus model of communication help us to visualize or explain clearly how flow of communication tkes place or happens that we experience in our life everyday. Communication model involves all the indispensable elements to clarify over all about the process of communication with a view to beterrise our ideas or perceptions on the process of communication.

Model of communication can be defined as the pictorial demonstration on the flow or propagation of communication by involving the essential elements which are interdependently accorded with, as to support or enhance the the act of communication. Model of communication can describe or produce insights or perception in human being all about the mechanism of communication at a glance.Though communication is unfathomable and more than what we can describe. Communication process can not be delimited in this manner,where a link or any relationship that could be brought or established between a sender and receiver in the way of transmission messeage with the support of various channels. Yet, we get definitely an over all knowledge or ideas on the activity of communication.Model ensures us to think more about the communication process within its framework underlined.

1.3 Construction of model & its’ Development : In the earlier concept of the comuninication process, only three elements were considered to be imperative as well as important parts of the whole process of any communication. So,the sender, the message and the receiver only these three elements were thought to be almost all about the communication process.The other indispensable elements like, channel, feedback, noise were not at all considered to be the needful parts of communication . process. Earlier concept has described the communication, as the way of persuading or informing someone to a greater extent. Then the recipient was thought to be passive. The sender ‘A’ sendsany message ‘M’ to the receiver ‘R’. In this part, B is considered as passive. But message has power to manipulate the recipient of it. Message must generate something reaction within the mind of B. B may need to response the sent message. This act of ‘response’initiated by B,as to send back to the sender A, was not at all considered to fulfill the needful elements and other characteristicsof communication process. It can be demonstrated as follows;


A delivers a message to B, A deliners another message to B,
again A delivers a message to B, similarly A delivers a next message to B.

The above model was constructed during the second world war (1935-1945) as an useful model by means of which,the ideas,knowledge and feelings were thought to be spontaneously transferred from the sender to the receiver. This one-way based communication model was widely known as ‘magic bullet’ and is obsoeate presently.

A simplest form of communication model was constructed by, Claude Shannon and Warren Weavver which does include the ‘telephone’ as the medium for transmiting the messages to make it partly viable as well as an useful model for communicationprocess. One of the famous model of that time was developed by Herad, D, Lasswell in the form of questions (5Ws model).Both of these two models contribute to further development of few models later, as brought by the scholars like Wilber Shramm, George Gerbner and C,E,Osgood One of the simplest from of such model can be demonstrated as follows;




S……………..M…………R
(sender) (message) (Receiver)


Shramm’s model


This model of communication can just explain what about the ‘sender’ sends or deliver the ‘message’to the receiver only. The ‘message’ is generated or initiated by the ‘sender’ as to deliver to the ‘receiver’. The concept of ‘one way’ communication is reflected in such model as well;


‘ Sender sends the message to the receiver’, does not include the other active parts or elements that could be essential to enhance or complete the process of communication. Earlier concept of communication, considered the ‘inter-personal communication predominantly, keeping aside the consideration or acceptance of other types of communication. The total consideration in the earlier concept, emphasized on ‘ face to face’ i,e inter-personal communication. As the , consideration of ‘channel, had not come to the account, so, think about ‘noise ‘ was redundant then. But now we have taken all (six) important parts or elements into our account to demonstrate the process of communication clearly, by constructing or developing suitable model as to serve our purposes. An all purpose model,which can explain the process of communication considering all essential elements,is as foloows;





Encoder…………………Feedback……………Decoder

Noise
*****
Sender………….Message *****………Channel…….Receiver
******
Noise

Decoder……………………..Feedback…………Encoder.



1.4 Few Important Models Of Communication

Herald, D, Lasswell’s Model: This model is absolutely structurised or based on questions.There are five integral questions which have been included to represent the model as to demonstrate the whole process of communication. The questions are called or known as (5ws). The model can be viewed as follows;

Who?
Says What
In Which channel
To Whom
With What effect ?

The above questions could be represented in the pictorial form,is as follows;
---------. --------- --------------- ------------- -------------
Who --------- Says -------- In Which ---------To ---------- With What
-------- What Channel Whom Effect
-------- ------------ ---------- ---------------
The model can explain ‘Who’ as source or sender. Says ‘ What’ as message sent by the sender.Iin Which Channel’ as the medium chosen by the sender to deliver the message. ‘To Whom’ as the receiver who is the recipient of the sent message. ‘ With What Effect’ as the reaction or response to the sender as returned from the receiver respect to the sent message. The model describes clearly the process of communication considering all important elements taking into its account as well.

1.5 Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver’s Model:

The first ever an engineerin model was constructed by the two engineers, Shannon and Weaver, who involved few distinct technical arrangements in the ‘channel’ portion to beterise the system in the process of communication. In this model all important elements have been considered to describe the process of communication.Only the ‘channel’ was designed extraordinarily to give an innovative shape as compared to then.
The model can be drawn as follows:

Information Trans Receiver Receiver Desti
>>> Message>>>> >>>Signal>>> >>> >>>
Source mitter Signal nation

‘Noise’


In this model , Shannon and Weaver has paid more attention towards ‘noise’ that could appear either in the applied technical arrangements in the system or from any outer sources. Noise can intercept or interrupt the spontaneous flow of meassage or converted signal that may lead to disrupt the link between the sender and receiver ultimately. Noise infrings the message quality. Successful communication may not be possible due to dissatisfaction evolved with the recipient from the illeligible or incomprehensive messages. Though it is average useful model of communication process

Later on an ‘Information Theory’ was developed by Shannon where he pointed out very clearly that every ‘ source’ has or possesses a ‘Message’ which is trying to get through some ‘Channel’ to some ‘Destination’. The source requires a transmitter to convert its’ message into a signal as it would be received by receptor or any receiver to produce an understandable message to the destination or the recipient.

1.6; Charles, E, Ossgood’s Model Of Communication.

This distinguished model of Osgood which is quietly different from the conventional models of those earlier days that we had come across so far. In this exclusive model,Osgood considered a circular form of the communication process. Here both sender and receiver is assumed to have equal contributory role as well as importance in the process of communication. The model can be demonstrated as follows;


>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Message>>>>>>>>>>>>

+ +
Encoder De+coder
Interpreter Interpretor
Decoder Encoder
+ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Message >>>>>>>>>>> +

Osgood’s model.

As per above model Osgood wanted to point out that, the sender sends message to get response from the receiver as well as the receiver accepts the message from the sender to respond as well. The sender encodes any message to deliver to the receiver where,the receiver decodes the message in meaningful manner and finally,after encoding a message ,delivers to the sender as an answere or response. Now the sender accepts the message after decoding it in same manner.So,it is clear from the model,that the sender performs both encoding and decoding as well as the receiver does the same to complete the process of communication as well. Encoding and decoding both are the important part of the communication as performed by the sender as well as the receiver , in making the transmitted messages understandable to fulfill their purposes.


1.7; Wilber Shramm’s model Of Communication.

In the complex field of communication, to highlight the communication more vividly,Wilber Shramm has developed different types of communication models by giving shape to those after considering and judging from different angles or views of his own. Although he has emphasized particularly on ‘feedback’ and ‘noise’’ which are playing both an important role in the process of communication. Shramm’s model can be shown as follow;

……… Feedback……… Noise
………+ + ………… …. ………
Sender Message Receiver
………… ………….. ………….
+ +
…………………… Feedback………………..

he model looks like as if, sender is trying to communicate with the receiver constantly with his experience to achieve the relevant response i,e. ‘feedback’to establish a successful communication. Achievement of instant ‘feedback’ is possible only in the case of interpersonal communication where ‘face to face’ contact or link generally held. So, the model is suitable for interpersonal communication. Here noise may occure in the form of faulty telephone arrangements, ceaseless sound evolved from adjacent factory and transportations or traffics, musical sound from near by places even misspelt letter correspondence from either side that can create disturbances or obstacle in the process of communication. Shramm’s entire emphasis on ‘feedback’ and ‘noise’ both are instantly available eitherfrom intra-personal or inter-personal communication only, that was reflected through his different models of communication that he developed . If we write ,sing or dance jndividually,then it can be followed or experienced how each type of performance exists? Any corrective mesure that could be taken to give the required shape for every one activity. Here the part of encoding and decoding is done in turn by self. Such model was developed by Shramm was as follows;

…………
Encocoder…………………...>>>>.
………… ++
Interpretor Message……………>
………… ++
Decoder…<<<<………………… Shramm]s Model. Another model was developed by him in which he showed that, the communication is influenced by socio-cultural and economic factors which are prevailing phenomena in our society. Every message that is depending upon the past experience of both sender and receive, oftenly . Because the past experiences of both sender and receiver inevitably required to make easy the task of both ‘encoding’ and ‘decoding’ to facilititate or enhance the communication process. For example if a sender who is an agriculturist, wants to send message on the controversial issue of ‘nuclear deal’ between India with the US, to his another farmer friend then both of the part of ‘encoding’ and ‘decoding’ will fail to enhance the communication process.As both are not having any experience earlier, even they do not carry any knowledge at all which is based on science. Shramm considered this matter of experience pertaining to the environment emphatically which can be seen in the diagram as follows; ************* ******************** ******* Source>>>>Encoder>>>>>Signal>>>>De.coder>>>>Destination
*********
**************** Fig:2.9 T *********************


he circular formed area signifies the acquired or accumulated experiences of both encoder and decoder who are trying to disseminate their messages in between them to start as well as continue the communication process. Here the source who initially encodes the representable message as to transmit to the receiver who decodes the same in understandable manner to make it usable. In response or reply the receiver conversely encodes his distributable message as tobe forwarded to the source or receiver.he source noe decodes the sent message in meaningful manner. From this model we can resolve that without possessing any prior experience or any perception by both sender and receiver, message do not allow to continue the process of communication successfully.The two circles need to meet or intercept as to coinside the ideas, knowledge or interests of both individuals who are intending to be inter-linked through their messages.Th intercepted portion of two circles is the common area where both individuals can share or exchange their ideas and views satisfactorily.

1.8; George Gerbner’s Model*

It is one of the most complex model among all others, that we have come across so far.In this model Gerbner wanted to relate the message to the reality, which enables us to progress further to consider the matter of ‘ perception’ and ‘meaning’ in the process of communication. Here, Gerbner has devided the communication process into two different segments as one is ‘perceptive or receptive’and another is ‘means or control’.

E>>>>>>>>>>>M
+
SE

+

+>>>>>>>>>> M2


Gerbner’s model.

In this diagram, E is any event ( external reality) as perceived by the human being M with the aid of any appliance which can transmit messages like microphone,recorder or camera. M with his perception selects the events ( messages) his matter exists in the horizontal part of the diagram.
In the next vertical part , M with his own perceptive abily,processes the events whatever he has accepted or collected as to make it a meaningful and understandable structure.This is representable and is converted into transmitable ‘signal’ as SE. Now it is an important task to select the means (medium or channel) by which the ‘signal’ ( message) could be transmitted.satisfactorily. It could be newspaper, television or radio, is depending upon the character of the signal. Now who makes the selection and whose matter or picture of surrounding is transmitted as SE is a significant context. Television transmits the biased or exaggerating version of an event.
The last step of this model is appearing as once more again horizontally. Here M2 is a signal or a statement of an event or SE. The meaning of the message is not present in the message itself. Only it consists of the result evolved from the interaction and negotiation that held between the receiver and the message. M2 brings to SE, a set of ‘ needs and perception’ generated from his own culture and status or standards through which he can match and relate to SE with them, This can be understood only by the interaction and negotiation between M2 and SE., an effective meaning of SE.

1.9; Theodore M, Newcomb’s Model.

In this model of traingula form, Newcombs wanted to show how communication can regulate an equilibrium relationshipship within the society . He showed also how could communication play in our social system competently to support or overcome an environment that we face. He model can be described as follows;


S (society)


A >>>>>>>>>>>>> B
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>

S2>>>>>>>>>>> S >>>G>>>>>>> A

S3 >>>>>>>>>>

Westley and MacLean’s model

Such model of communication is not applicable to other segments of communication which is stricktly adoptable in the sector of mass communication like newspaper, radio, film and television. Although this model is useful and effective but fails to take its consideration towards the relationship betweenthe mass media and the other sector of the society through which we deal with in our everyday life.

*Abridged Version*

The Various models of communication have allowed us to percept and understand how the communication process propagates through various important elements required for it. The role played by each element in the route of communication process, is studied and overved by us. How the process of communication is affected by the lack of each element, and how the communication process impacts our society, all have been highlighted through the demonstration of each model. Each model has individual performances and distinct specialities.No model can describe or highlight the the process of communication entirely in terms of complete sense or realization.